Showing papers by "Prabhat Jha published in 2000"

Tobacco control in developing countries.

Abstract: Contents Preface 1. Overview SECTION I: TOBACCO USE AND ITS CONSEQUENCES 2. Global patterns of smoking-attributed morality 3. Poverty and smoking 4. Estimating the cost of tobacco use SECTION II: ANALYTICS OF TOBACCO USE 5. The economics of addiction 6. Welfare analyses of tobacco use 7. The economic rationale for intervention in the tobacco market SECTION III: DEMAND FOR TOBACCO 8. Consumer information and tobacco use 9. Tobacco advertising and promotion 10. The taxation of tobacco products 11. Clean indoor-air laws and youth access restrictions 12. Smoking cessation and nicotine-replacement therapies SECTION IV: SUPPLY OF TOBACCO 13. The supply-side effects of tobacco-control policies 14. The impact of trade liberalization on tobacco consumption 15. How big is the worldwide cigarette smuggling problem? 16. Issues in the smuggling of toabcco products SECTION V: POLICY DIRECTIONS 17. The design and administration, and potential revenue of tobacco excises 18. The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of price increases and other tobacco-control policies 19. Strategic priorities for government and international agencies in tobacco control Appendices

The economics of global tobacco control

Abstract: Few people now dispute that smoking is damaging human health on a global scale.1 However, many governments have avoided taking action to control smoking—such as higher taxes—because of concerns that their interventions might have harmful economic consequences, such as permanent job losses. In 1997 the World Bank, in partnership with the World Health Organization, began a global study on the economics of tobacco control. A team of over 40 economists, epidemiologists, and tobacco control experts critically examined the current state of knowledge about tobacco control. The aim was to provide a sound and comprehensive evidence base for the design of effective tobacco control policies in any country, with an emphasis on the needs of the low income and middle income countries, where most smokers live. A synopsis of this work, including interim results, was published in 1999.2 Final results, including 19 chapters and a statistical appendix, are now available.3 This article presents the key findings from this study. #### Summary points Tax increases are the single most effective intervention to reduce demand for tobacco (tax increases that raise the real price of cigarettes by 10% would reduce smoking by about 4% in high income countries and by about 8% in low income or middle income countries) Tax comprises about two thirds of retail price of cigarettes in most high income countries but is less than half of the total price on average in lower income countries Improvements in the quality and extent of information, comprehensive bans on tobacco advertising and promotion, prominent warning labels, restrictions on smoking in public places, and increased access to nicotine replacement treatments are effective in reducing smoking Reducing the supply of tobacco is not effective in reducing tobacco consumption Comprehensive tobacco control policies are unlikely to harm economies Each chapter of the study relied on …

Tobacco Control in Developing Countries

Abstract: There is no doubt that smoking is damaging global health on an unprecedented scale. However, there is continuing debate on the economics of tobacco control, including the costs and consequences of tobacco control policies. This book aims to fill the analytic gap around this debate This book brings together a set of critical reviews of the current status of knowledge on tobacco control. While the focus is on the needs of low-income and middle- income countries, the analyses are relevant globally. The book examines tobacco use and its consequences including new analyses of welfare issues in tobacco consumption, poverty and tobacco, and the rationale for government involvement. It provides an evidence-based review of policies to reduce demand including taxation, information, and regulation. It critically reviews supply-side issues such as trade and industry and farming issues, including new analyses on smuggling. It also discusses the impact of tobacco control programs on economies, including issues such as employment, tax revenue and welfare losses. It provides new evidence on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of control interventions. Finally, it outlines broad areas for national and international action, including future research directions. A statistical annex will contain information on where the reader can find data on tobacco consumption, prices, trade, employment and other items. The book is directed at academic economists and epidemiologists as well as technical staff within governments and international agencies. Students of economics, epidemiology and public policy will find this an excellent comprehensive introduction to economics of tobacco control.