Legumes and cereals contain high amounts of macronutrients and micronutrients but also anti-nutritional factors. Major anti-nutritional factors, which are found in edible crops include saponins, tannins, phytic acid, gossypol, lectins, protease inhibitors, amylase inhibitor, and goitrogens. Anti-nutritional factors combine with nutrients and act as the major concern because of reduced nutrient bioavailability. Various other factors like trypsin inhibitors and phytates, which are present mainly in legumes and cereals, reduce the digestibility of proteins and mineral absorption. Anti-nutrients are one of the key factors, which reduce the bioavailability of various components of the cereals and legumes. These factors can cause micronutrient malnutrition and mineral deficiencies. There are various traditional methods and technologies, which can be used to reduce the levels of these anti-nutrient factors. Several processing techniques and methods such as fermentation, germination, debranning, autoclaving, soaking etc. are used to reduce the anti-nutrient contents in foods. By using various methods alone or in combinations, it is possible to reduce the level of anti-nutrients in foods. This review is focused on different types of anti-nutrients, and possible processing methods that can be used to reduce the level of these factors in food products. A brief overview of beneficial effects of anti-nutrients and reduction strategy.

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Plant food anti-nutritional factors and their reduction strategies: an overview

The present study was undertaken to develop biscuits from the composite flours. Composite flours were prepared by blending wheat flour with rice flour, green gram flour and potato flour in ratios of 100:0:0:0 (W100), 85:5:5:5 (W85), 70:10:10:10 (W70) and 55:15:15:15 (W55), respectively. The functional properties of composite flours such as swelling capacity, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, emulsion activity, emulsion stability, foam capacity, foam stability, gelatinization temperature, least gelation concentration and bulk density were increased with increase in the incorporation of other flours with wheat flour. Overall acceptability for composite flour biscuits was awarded highest score for W55 followed by W70 and W85 as compared to control biscuits. All biscuits coincided in the range of ‘like moderately’ to ‘like very much’ for composite flours biscuits while ‘like slightly’ to like moderately’ for control biscuits.

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Evaluation of functional properties of composite flours and sensorial attributes of composite flour biscuits.

Physicochemical, functional, antinutritional and pasting properties of taro, rice, pigeonpea flours and their blends were determined and related to each other using Pearson correlation and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Taro flour was significantly (P < 0.05) different from other flours due to its highest ash, crude fiber, lower fat and protein content and exhibited lowest L∗, ΔE, foaming capacity (FC) and highest WSI (water solubility index), WAC (water absorption capacity) and OAC (oil absorption capacity) as compared to rice and pigeonpea flour. Different blends were prepared incorporating the ratio of taro flour at 20 g/100 g, 30 g/100 g, 40 g/100 g, 50 g/100 g, 60 g/100 g levels with the blends consisting of equal proportions of rice and pigeonpea flour. Increased concentration of taro flour in the blends resulted in shifting of the blends towards the right positive score of first principal component (PC1) thereby indicating the detection of blends containing 40 g/100 g taro flour with an ease in the admixture of different flours. Taro flour contained higher oxalate, pasting temperatures (PT), peak viscosity (PV), trough viscosity and polyphenol content while lesser amount of phytate and lower setback viscosity than other flours.

Comparative study of physicochemical, functional, antinutritional and pasting properties of taro (Colocasia esculenta), rice (Oryza sativa) flour, pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) flour and their blends

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and its bioactive constituents.

The present research was carried out to study the functional properties of different flours, that is, wheat flour, rice flour, green gram flour and potato flour. The functional properties (swelling capacity, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, emulsion activity and stability, foam capacity and stability, least gelation concentration, gelatinization temperature and bulk density) and moisture content of flours were evaluated. Wheat flour had highest moisture content and emulsion activity while rice flour observed lowest value for foam capacity. Potato flour had highest value of swelling capacity, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity and emulsion stability. Highest bulk density observed for rice flour while foam capacity; least gelatinization concentration and gelatinization temperature for green gram flour compared to others. Green gram flour and potato flour have good functional properties which enhance the nutritional quality of the value added products which processed by addition of them.

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Assessment of functional properties of different flours

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) being an annual herb is most commonly used for seasoning purpose. Its plant seeds, leaves and roots are edible, although they have very distinct flavors and uses. The herb has a light and fresh flavor. Coriander can be used as whole plant and can be processed because of its perishable nature of leaves and to increase the palatability of ripe fruits (seeds) before using it as flavoring agent in different food preparations. Whole plant of coriander mainly fresh leaves and ripe fruits are used for culinary purposes. Coriander leaves have different taste than its seeds, with citrus overtones. Coriander plant is a rich reservoir of micronutrients and nutritional elements which leads us to focus our study on this herb. Coriander is very low in saturated fat however, contains good amount of linoleic acid which is a good source of α-tocopherol and vitamin K. Leaves of plant are rich source of vitamins while seeds are rich in polyphenols and essential oils. Coriander taste is devoted to its essential oil comprising a significant content of linoleic and furanocoumarins (coriandrine and dihydrocoriandrine). Coriander is also well known for its antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-mutagenic, anti-anxiety and antimicrobial activity along with analgesic and hormone balancing effect that promotes its use in foods due to numerous health benefits and its protective effect to preserve the food for longer period. The aim of present study was to highlight the processing, nutritional and functional aspects of coriander.

	Key words: Coriander, processing, fatty acids, antioxidant content, anti-diabetic, anti-mutagenic, anti-anxiety, diuretic activity, metal detoxification, anti-hyperglycemic activity.

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Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.): Processing, nutritional and functional aspects

Tubers are important sources of carbohydrates as an energy source and are used as staple foods in tropical and subtropical countries. They are generally processed into various forms before consumption. Processing makes them digestible and palatable, extends the shelf life and reduces post-harvest losses. Taro (Colocasia esculenta) is a tropical tuber crop largely produced for its underground corms contain 70–80 % starch and the corms of Colocasia antiquorum contain anthocyanins such as cyanidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-chemnoside which were reported to have antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Taro consumption has been affected by the presence of acridity factors, which cause sharp irritation and burning sensation in the throat and mouth on ingestion. Taro is rich in gums (mucilage) and small sizes of starch granules makes it a highly digestible which is used for the preparation of various foods. The present paper deals with reviewing the nutritional, antinutritional and utilization of Taro into the various food products.

Utilization of taro ( Colocasia esculenta ): a review

Roots and tubers are considered as the most important food crops after cereals and contribute significantly to sustainable development, income generation and food security especially in the tropical regions. The perishable nature of roots and tubers demands appropriate storage conditions at different stages starting from farmers to its final consumers. Because of their highly perishable nature, search for efficient and better methods of preservation/processing have been continuing alongside the developments in different arena. This book covers the processing and technological aspects of root and tuber foods, detailing the production and processing of roots and tubers such as taro, cassava, sweet potato, yam and elephant foot yam. Featuring chapters on anatomy, taxonomy and physiology, molecular and biochemical characterization, GAP, GMP, HACCP, Storage techniques, as well as the latest technological interventions in Taro, Cassava, Sweet potato, yam and Elephant foot Yam.

Pragati Kaushal

Papers

Comparative study of physicochemical, functional, antinutritional and pasting properties of taro (Colocasia esculenta), rice (Oryza sativa) flour, pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) flour and their blends

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.): Processing, nutritional and functional aspects

Utilization of taro ( Colocasia esculenta ): a review

Tropical Roots and Tubers: Production, Processing and Technology

Osmo-convective dehydration kinetics of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)