Multiproxy record of monsoon variability from the Ganga Plain during 400–1200 A.D.

Multiproxy records of vegetation and monsoon variability from the lacustrine sediments of eastern Ganga Plain since 1350 A.D.

The drainage basin of the Kalyani river, a tributary of Gomati river has been mapped and delineated using Survey of India toposheets (1:50,000 scale) and remote sensing satellite data. The digitization, slope map preparation and statistical calculations have been carried out with the help of geographical information system (Arc GIS 10). Kalyani a fifth order river exhibits meandering behavior having 2.45 sinuosity index (SI). The Kalyani river basin has about 1235 km2area with NW-SE sloping trend. The total number of first, second, third, and fourth order streams are 373, 71, 12 and 2 respectively, showing dominance of first order streams in the basin. The mean bifurcation ratio (Rb) of the entire basin is 4.8, which indicates that the drainage is not much influenced by geological structures and exhibits dendritic drainage pattern. Relief ratio (Rr) indicates low to medium surface run-off, and low stream power for erosion. The analysis of river bank height ‘r’ (escarpment) and longitudinal profile of the river closely reveals neotectonic activity at some locations in the basin. To prepare a comprehensive watershed development and management plan, it is important to understand the topography and drainage characteristics of the region.

Morphometric Parameters and Neotectonics of Kalyani River Basin, Ganga Plain: A Remote Sensing and GIS Approach

The Teesta River is the main right-bank tributary of Brahmaputra River which originates from North Sikkim Himalaya, India, and joins the Brahmaputra River in Bangladesh. Teesta River is the high elevated drained river which originates from TsoLhamo Lake at 5030-m elevation which shows its potential to generate the hydroelectricity. Due to the large variation in the elevation profile, the located cities at the bank of this river are at risk of landslides and flash flood events during monsoon season. A case study on Teesta river catchment using hydrological modeling to simulate the governing parameters such as streamflow in the river basin was carried out with MIKE NAM hydrological model.

Teesta River and Its Ecosystem

Due to the projected increased frequency of occurrence of extreme flood events, it is becoming increasingly important to pay attention to agricultural flood management. The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin (MLYRB), as one of the most important agricultural areas in the world, frequently suffer from the ravages of long-duration extreme flood events. Comprehensive flood risk evaluation can provide important support for effective management strategies by focusing on the combination of flood hazard and the consequences of flooding in areas exposed to the inundation. Previous satellite-based flood disturbance detection methods intended for use in single-cropping agricultural systems cannot be applied to the MLYRB with multi-cropping practices and long-duration flood events. Additionally, comprehensive agricultural flood risk evaluations traditionally neglect the characteristics of the impact of flooding with strong spatial and temporal variability. Thus, in this research, an integrated disturbance index (IDI) was developed to detect the impact of flood disturbance on crop growth, aiming to acquire a map of crop damage condition for a multi-cropping agricultural system with long-duration flood events that is spatially explicit and has a sufficiently high spatial resolution. A coupled hydrological and 2D hydraulic model parallelized using the GPU approach was employed to simulate flood flows, aiming at deriving sufficient meaningful detail at the local scale in terms of flood inundation patterns and processes over the whole natural watershed. Additionally, a spatial map of the combined effects of flood hazard and the consequences of flooding was used to investigate the relationship between flood characteristics and associated loss extent with the random forest model. The comprehensive evaluation framework was applied for the 2010 flood event in the MLYRB. The evaluation results indicate that the detection results based on IDI are consistent with the governmental statistics, the most hard-hit areas in related reports, and the spatial characteristics of river floods. The coupled hydrological–hydraulic model offers a clear picture of the flood characteristics over the whole basin, while simultaneously ensuring a sufficiently high spatial resolution. Our findings show that flood duration is the most important predictor in predicting crop damage extent.

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Investigating Flood Impact on Crop Production under a Comprehensive and Spatially Explicit Risk Evaluation Framework

A densely populated city, Gorakhpur, located on the bank of Rapti river in the Ganga plain, is frequently affected by flooding. The Rapti river exhibits narrow channel within wide valley, channel bars, natural levee and river terraces. Artificial levees are constructed in the valley during low discharge period to mitigate the flood and also to provide the additional land to the society. These levees break during prolonged heavy rain and induce the catastrophic flood because it is not constructed by analyzing the capacity of the bracketed channel to accommodate the high discharge of the river. The precipitation, discharge, sediment load, and river water levels are correlated by making graphs between these parameters to analyze and identify the threshold limits and main reasons for flood. It explains that discharge and sediment load increases with precipitation during monsoon season, whereas the water storage capacity of the river decreases due to siltation and artificial levee. Hence, during heavy rain in this region, water rises in the channel, which either overtops the bank or breaks the levee and creates the flood. Flood inundation map was prepared using GIS techniques from 70 m base level to 81.5 m high level, which indicate the inundated area with every 1–2.5 m rise in the Rapti river water level. Rating curves and flood frequency curves have been prepared to identify the recurrence interval for major floods. It is concluded that prolong heavy precipitation, discharge variability of the river, siltation in the river bed, artificial levee, and anthropogenic impacts on younger river terraces and river valley leads to flood. Its affect is devastating when water level, discharge and sediment loads are above 77 m, 5000 m3/sec, and 5 metric tones respectively. The flood inundation map and recurrence interval are useful parameters for flood risk management, whereas the upland terrace is flood-free surface suitable for settlement. This study can be used as a model for other flood prone regions.

Climatically induced levee break and flood risk management of the Gorakhpur region, Rapti River basin, Ganga Plain, India

The new Schiff base ligand (FIAS) 2,4-furyliminobenzylacetophenone has been synthesized with 4-aminoacetophenone and furane-2-carboxaldehyde by condensation in ethanol. Metal complexes of the ligand were prepared with chloride salts of copper(II), nickel(II) and cobalt(II) in ethanol. The ligand and its metal complexes have been characterized by microanalysis, magnetic susceptibility, FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR, mass spectrum, and UV-visible spectroscopy techniques. From these findings, it is suggested that metal ion coordinate by imines nitrogen and carboxylic oxygen atoms of FIAS to form octahedral geometry. All the newly compounds were tested antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal species.

https://downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2012/504038.pdf

Prashant Singh

Papers

Climatically induced levee break and flood risk management of the Gorakhpur region, Rapti River basin, Ganga Plain, India

Synthesis and Structural Properties of Copper(II), Nickel(II) and Cobalt(II) Complexes with 2,4-Furyliminobenzylacetophenone