https://faculty.washington.edu/renatab/courses/PSE490/downloads/pretreatment.pdf

Features of promising technologies for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass.

Biofuels produced from various lignocellulosic materials, such as wood, agricultural, or forest residues, have the potential to be a valuable substitute for, or complement to, gasoline. Many physicochemical structural and compositional factors hinder the hydrolysis of cellulose present in biomass to sugars and other organic compounds that can later be converted to fuels. The goal of pretreatment is to make the cellulose accessible to hydrolysis for conversion to fuels. Various pretreatment techniques change the physical and chemical structure of the lignocellulosic biomass and improve hydrolysis rates. During the past few years a large number of pretreatment methods have been developed, including alkali treatment, ammonia explosion, and others. Many methods have been shown to result in high sugar yields, above 90% of the theoretical yield for lignocellulosic biomasses such as woods, grasses, corn, and so on. In this review, we discuss the various pretreatment process methods and the recent literature that...

http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/datastore/234-1388.pdf

Methods for Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Efficient Hydrolysis and Biofuel Production

Industrial applications of microbial lipases

Trends in bioconversion of lignocellulose: Biofuels, platform chemicals & biorefinery concept

Cellulases and related enzymes in biotechnology

Pulp and paper companies have faced environmental issues for many years because of the resource-intensive nature of their industry. The pulp and paper mills represent a major source of polluting materials which are very different regarding their characteristics and quantities. The most significant environmental impacts of the pulp and paper manufacture result from the pulping and bleaching processes: some pollutants are emitted to the air, others are discharged to the wastewaters, and solid wastes are generated as well. The environmental consequences of pulp and paper manufacture are presented in this chapter. A special attention is focused on the pulp bleaching as the most pollution process of the chemical pulp manufacturing.

Environmental Consequences of Pulp and Paper Manufacture

There are several different types of paper and paperboard Strength, appearance, and many other properties can be varied depending on the several parameters Paperboard contains a greater proportion of long fiber than paper and does not normally contain fillers This distinguishes paperboard compared with paper Paper over 225 g/m2 is defined by ISO (International Organization for Standardization) as paperboard, board, or cardboard This chapter discusses general grades and specific type of papers

Paper and Board Grades

Chapter 1 – Biorefinery Concept*

Wood-Based Products and Chemicals

Enzymatic pre-bleaching is one of the promising alternatives for eliminating/reducing chlorine-based chemicals in the pulp bleaching process. Enzymes of the hemicellulolytic type, particularly xylan attacking enzymes, xylanases, are now used commercially in the mills for pulp treatment and subsequent incorporation into bleach sequences. A variety of bleaching benefits have been realized. These include reducing AOX discharges; increasing the brightness ceiling; decreasing the cost of bleaching chemicals; and debottlenecking mills limited by chlorine dioxide generator capacity. Lignin-oxidizing enzymes are found to be more effective for bleaching pulp because they attack lignin directly. An overview of developments in the application of xylanase enzymes and lignin-oxidizing enzymes in pulp bleaching is presented.

Pratima Bajpai

Papers

Environmental Consequences of Pulp and Paper Manufacture

Paper and Board Grades

Chapter 1 – Biorefinery Concept*

Wood-Based Products and Chemicals

Enzymatic Pre-bleaching