https://faculty.washington.edu/renatab/courses/PSE490/downloads/pretreatment.pdf

Features of promising technologies for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass.

Biofuels produced from various lignocellulosic materials, such as wood, agricultural, or forest residues, have the potential to be a valuable substitute for, or complement to, gasoline. Many physicochemical structural and compositional factors hinder the hydrolysis of cellulose present in biomass to sugars and other organic compounds that can later be converted to fuels. The goal of pretreatment is to make the cellulose accessible to hydrolysis for conversion to fuels. Various pretreatment techniques change the physical and chemical structure of the lignocellulosic biomass and improve hydrolysis rates. During the past few years a large number of pretreatment methods have been developed, including alkali treatment, ammonia explosion, and others. Many methods have been shown to result in high sugar yields, above 90% of the theoretical yield for lignocellulosic biomasses such as woods, grasses, corn, and so on. In this review, we discuss the various pretreatment process methods and the recent literature that...

http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/datastore/234-1388.pdf

Methods for Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Efficient Hydrolysis and Biofuel Production

Industrial applications of microbial lipases

Trends in bioconversion of lignocellulose: Biofuels, platform chemicals & biorefinery concept

Cellulases and related enzymes in biotechnology

Different methods for production of nanocellulose are presented in this chapter These include chemical delignification, steam explosion process, electrospinning technique, refining and high-pressure homogenization, grinding, cryo-crushing, chemical and enzymatic methods, and genetically modified algae

Production of Nanocellulose

This chapter reviews basic concepts of chemistry related to the pulp and paper industry. Each element is made up of protons, electrons, and neutrons arranged to form atoms. Protons and neutrons, together called nucleons, are the constituents of the nucleus. Each atom of a pure element has equal numbers of electrons and protons and, therefore, is electrically neutral. The particular type of element an atom forms depends on the number of protons in the nucleus; this is called the atomic number. Atoms tend to have approximately equal numbers of neutrons and protons. Atoms almost always react with each other in whole number ratios to form chemical compounds. For instance, carbon reacts with oxygen gas to give carbon dioxide during combustion of charcoal. It is very useful, therefore, to have a measure of atoms and molecules that reflects the number of particles. Because the gram is the basis of the metric system, as well as a convenient amount of material to handle in the laboratory, it is used as the basis of the atomic mass unit (amu), which is the scale used to identify the mass of individual atoms and molecules. By using the weight of an amu, one can calculate the number of amu per g; this number, 6.0220 × 1023, is called the Avogadro constant and is denoted as NA. This number of objects is known as the mole. The concept of the mole is important because chemicals react in whole number relationships when compared on a molar basis.

Introductory Chemistry Reviews

Most of the pulp and paper mills are located near the major waterways and have access to a large, uninterrupted supply of water. After using the water for pulp and paper production, these mills discharge the used water into the waterways as waste. The paper industry is currently experiencing increasing regulatory pressure to reduce the volume and toxicity of its industrial wastewater. During the past few years, the concept of system closure has been gaining popularity in the forest products industry, mainly because of its potential to drastically reduce or even eliminate liquid discharges and the associated water-quality problems, to separate and recycle valuable resources, and to preserve energy that can be used to reduce cost of production and amortize capital costs. In addition to savings on chemicals and heat, it would also result in saving on capital and operating costs for effluent treatment, reduced use of freshwater, and the possibility of locating new mills independent of water supply or effluent recipient.

Purification of Process Water in Closed-Cycle Mills

The chemical and physical properties and composition of black liquor are presented in this chapter. The chemical and physical properties of the black liquor are very important in the design of the evaporation plant, recovery boiler, and the condensate treatment plant. The composition of black liquor from different raw materials is also presented.

Pratima Bajpai

Papers

Production of Nanocellulose

Introductory Chemistry Reviews

Purification of Process Water in Closed-Cycle Mills

Properties, Composition, and Analysis of Black Liquor

Wood and Fiber—Growth and Anatomy