Deforestation and forest degradation in the tropics is a major source of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The tropics also harbour more than half the world's threatened species, raising the possibility that reducing GHG emissions by curtailing tropical deforestation could provide substantial co-benefits for biodiversity conservation. Here we explore the potential for such co-benefits in Indonesia, a leading source of GHG emissions from land cover and land use change, and among the most species-rich countries in the world. We show that focal ecosystems for interventions to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in Indonesia do not coincide with areas supporting the most species-rich communities or highest concentration of threatened species. We argue that inherent trade-offs among ecosystems in emission reduction potential, opportunity cost of foregone development and biodiversity values will require a regulatory framework to balance emission reduction interventions with biodiversity co-benefit targets. We discuss how such a regulatory framework might function, and caution that pursuing emission reduction strategies without such a framework may undermine, not enhance, long-term prospects for biodiversity conservation in the tropics.

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Biodiversity Conservation in the REDD

Winarni B, Lahjie AM, Simarangkir B.D.A.S, Yusuf S, Ruslim Y.2017. Tengkawang cultivation model in community forest using agroforestry systems in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 18: 765-772. Tengkawang is the flora mascot of West Kalimantan and has long been supporting the life of people around the forest. Its fruit can be processed into fat which traded as â€˜green butter', â€˜borneo tallow', or â€˜tengkawang oil', which used as cocoa butter substitutes and the material for manufacturing lipstick, candle and drugs. Its wood was used as raw material for sawmill and plywood industries. Today, tengkawang tree existence is endangered and has been replaced with rubber plantations. The purposes of this research were to: (i) analyze the maximum growth increment of tengkawang; (ii) analyze the maximum production of tengkawang fruits and latex; (iii) analyze the financial feasibility of tengkawang cultivation and tengkawang combined with rubber; and (iv)formulate tengkawang cultivation model. The research used a descriptive method in survey form and interview technique by using questionnaire. The research result showed that the maximum growth increment of tengkawang which cultivated in monoculture (model 1) and tengkawang combined with rubber (model 2) were achieved at the age of 40 years. The maximum production of tengkawang fruit in model 1 and model 2 were achieved at the age of 64 years, while the maximum production of latex (model 2) was achieved at the age of 17 years. The cultivation of tengkawang by model 1 produced IRR of 12.3% and model 2 produced IRR of 12.9%. Financially, both cultivation models of tengkawang were feasible to be cultivated. Financially, tengkawang cultivation by using rubber in an agroforestry system was more profitable than tengkawang cultivation in monoculture.

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Tengkawang cultivation model in community forest using agroforestry systems in West Kalimantan, Indonesia

. Rambey R, Susilowati A, Rangkuti AB, Onrizal O, Desrita, Ardhi R, Hartanto A. 2021. Plant diversity, structure and composition of vegetation around Barumun Watershed, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3250-3256. Watershed ecosystem plays an important role in water and soil conservation which is supported by vegetation around watershed. As such, vegetation analysis is beneficial to assess the current state of watershed vegetation and monitor future changes. Barumun Watershed, located in South Labuhanbatu District, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia, is under threat due to habitat degradation and land conversion for plantation and agriculture. This research aimed to investigate the diversity, structure and composition of vegetation in the Barumun River including its smaller streams (rivulets). Data were collected using a combination of line transect and quadratic plots arranged systematically. The total observation plots were 48 plots, consisting of 24 plots in Barumun River, 12 plots in Tasik Rivulet and 12 plots in Titi Kembar Rivulet. The results documented a total of 51 plants in the studied sites in Barumun Watershed in which 37 species were found in Barumun River, 20 species in Tasik Rivulet and 17 species in the Titi Kembar Rivulet. Plant species consisted of several habitus including herbs, palms, shrubs, climbers and trees. The trees consisted of 22 species (43.13%), herbs 22 species (43.13%), climbers 3 species (5.88%), shrubs two species (3.92%), and palm two species (3.92%). The highest Importance Value Index (IVI) for tree community was recorded in the Barumun River from Hevea brasiliensis (108.28), followed by Cryptocarya sp. (123.24) in the Titi Kembar Rivulet. In addition, the highest IVI for pole, sapling, seedling, and shrub was recorded from Muntingia calabura (Barumun River), Nauclea orientalis (Tasik Rivulet), Psychotria viridiflora (Tasik Rivulet), and Calamus axillaris (Titi Kembar Rivulet), respectively. The plant diversity in Barumun Watershed was categorized from low to moderate level of richness.

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Plant diversity, structure and composition of vegetation around Barumun Watershed, North Sumatra, Indonesia

Breast cancer is the most common and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women It has two distinctive hallmarks: rapid abnormal growth and the ability to invade and metastasize During metastasis, cancer cells are thought to form actin-rich protrusions, called invadopodia, which degrade the extracellular matrix Current breast cancer treatments, particularly chemotherapy, comes with adverse effects like immunosuppression, resistance development and secondary tumour formation Hence, naturally-occurring molecules claimed to be less toxic are being studied as new drug candidates Ampelopsin E, a natural oligostilbene extracted from Dryobalanops species, has exhibited various pharmacological properties, including anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities However, there is yet no scientific evidence of the effects of ampelopsin E towards metastasis Scratch assay, transwell migration and invasion assays, invadopodia and gelatin degradation assays, and ELISA were used to determine the effects of ampelopsin E towards the invasiveness of MDA-MB-231 cells Strikingly in this study, ampelopsin E was able to halt migration, transmigration and invasion in MDA-MB-231 cells by reducing formation of invadopodia and its degradation capability through significant reduction (p < 005) in expression levels of PDGF, MMP2, MMP9 and MMP14 In conclusion, ampelopsin E reduced the invasiveness of MDA-MB-231 cells and was proven to be a potential alternative in treating TNBC

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/14/2619/pdf

Ampelopsin E Reduces the Invasiveness of the Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cell Line, MDA-MB-231.

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ECOLOGICAL IMPACT OF (L.) Merrill INVASION ON PLANT DIVERSITY AT BUKIT BARISAN SELATAN NATIONAL PARK Merremia peltata

Dipterocarpaceae is one of the biggest family with >500 species in the world, and most of dipterocarps population aregrown in Indonesia which have high economical value of wood. One of the most important value from dipterocarps species is high on endemicities; there are up to 128 species (53.78%) from 238 dipterocarps species in Indonesia. Distribution of dipterocarps species would be affected by some factors especially edaphic, climate, and altitude. In Indonesia the dipterocarps species distribution could be shown from islands groups, number of species and forest types. Based on the observation of herbarium collection in Herbarium Bogoriense the distribution of the most dipterocarps species was in the altitude of 0-500 m and 500-1000 m on the dipterocarps forest type. Kalimantan and Sumatra were the two bigger islands with have the dipterocarps species distributed relatively high on population and species.Â© 2004 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKeywords: Dipterocarpaceae, ecological distribution, altitude, Indonesia.

http://biodiversitas.mipa.uns.ac.id/D/D0502/D050210.pdf

R E V I E W: Ecological distribution of Dipterocarpaceae species in Indonesia

PURWANINGSIH, POLOSOKAN, R., YUSUF, R. & KARTAWINATA, K. 2017. Phytosociological study of the montane forest on the south slope of Mt. Wilis, East Java. Indonesia. Reinwardtia 16(1): 31 - 45. —A phytosociological stud y of a montane forest was carried out on the south slope of Mount Wilis, Kediri, East Java. The objective of the study was to do quantitative measurements of floristic composition and structure of the montane forest located within the seasonally dry climatic region as to date no such study has been undertaken there. It was conducted using the quadrat method by establishing plots of 2500 m2 each at five locations at the altitudes of 1100 m asl (above sea level), 1200 m asl, 1300 m asl, 1400 m asl and 1500 m asl, thus the total area sampled was 1.25 ha. They were Plot1100 at Bekayang, Plot1200 at Bukit Bendera, Plot1300 at Batutulis, Plot1400 at Mergosepi and Plot1500 at Brak. A total of 1045 trees comprising 74 species of 50 genera and 33 families were recorded. Based on a species constancy index of 100 %, the Saurauia nudiflora-Weinmannia blumei association was established. The association consisted of (1) the Cyathea-Polycias subassociation, representing the heavily disturbed forest, currently dominated by Cyathea contaminans and (2) the Villebrunea-Syzygium subassociation, representing the least disturbed forests, dominated by Syzygium lineatum and Villebrunea rubescens. The lowest number of species (13) was recorded in Plot1100 and the highest number (39) in Plot1300. Important species recorded included Cyathea contaminans (Importance Value, IV= 47.97); Lithocarpus sp. (IV= 22.07); Lithocarpus sundaicus (IV= 14.05); Saurauia pendula (IV= 12.85); Villebrunea rubescens (IV= 12.12) and Syzygium lineatum (IV= 11.22). Diameter measurements showed that 76.60 % of trees in Plot1100 and 86.60 % in Plot1200 consist of small individuals with diameters between 10 and 30 cm. Trees with large diameters of >30 cm occurred in Plot1300, Plot1400 and Plot1500. The presence of large numbers of small trees and lesser numbers of trees with large diameters in a forest stand indicated that the stand was regenerating after heavy disturbance. The presence of the majority of trees with height of < 20 m (99 %) further confirmed the forest’s dynamic status.

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Phytosociological study of the montane forest on the south slope of mt. wilis, east java, indonesia

Fagaceae umumnya pohon, salah satu suku dengan jumlah jenis yang cukup besar ± 700 jenis di dunia tetapi sebagian besar tumbuh di belahan bumi utara. Di wilayah Malesia, ada lima marga yaitu Nothofagus, Castanopsis, Lithocarpus, Quercus dan Trigonobalanus dan jumlah jenis ± 180 dan sebagian besar di Indonesia tercatat 112 jenis. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan studi literatur untuk menentukan keanekaragaman jenis Fagaceae di Indonesia serta distribusi dan pemanfaatannya. Fagaceae paling banyak tumbuh di Indonesia adalah marga Lithocarpus (60 jenis) dan Castanopsis (24 jenis), sementara Nothofagus (11 jenis) sebarannya hanya di Papua. Distribusi jenis Lithocarpus paling di Sumatera (29 jenis) dan Kalimantan (26 jenis), sementara Castanopsis paling banyak di Kalimantan (15 jenis). Untuk Nusa Tenggara tidak ditemukan jenis-jenis Fagaceae dan ke arah timur Indonesia semakin sedikit jumlah jenisnya, di Sulawesi dan Maluku hanya diketemukan satu jenis. Sebaran Fagaceae dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, terutama tanah, iklim, dan ketinggian. Di Indonesia habitat tumbuh Fagaceae di hutan yang masih alami, tetapi ada beberapa yang mampu tumbuh di rawa seperti Nothofagus womersleyi. Berdasarkan ketinggian tempat (altitude) umumnya Fagaceae di hutan submontane dengan ketinggian 600-1500 m namun ada beberapa spesies yang mampu tumbuh hingga ketinggian >3000 m. Fagaceae yang memiliki sebaran luas (ditemukan di beberapa pulau) ada dua jenis yaitu Castanopsis acuminatissima dan Lithocarpus elegans. Pada umumnya pemanfaatan Fagaceae adalah kayunya untuk bahan bangunan dan furniture tetapi ada jenis Castanopsis yang dapat dimakan bijinya dan selain itu kulit kayu mengandung tanin bisa untuk pewarna.

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Keanekaragaman jenis dan sebaran fagaceae di indonesia

The Mountain Rain Forest Vegetation Analysis in Ciremai Mountain National Park, Majalengka, West Jawa. Vegetation study on some different altitude in Ciremai Mountain National Park has been carried out with a quadrat methode. Ten plots were set up in altitude at 1600– 2050 m. The results of a floristic inventory of 1.2 hectare sampled plot show that there were 57 species of 42 genera in 28 families, represented by 1069 individuals. The two leading families in terms of number of species were Euphorbiaceae and Fagaceae while according to the most prominent species were Engelhardia spicata (Juglandaceae). There are differences of both zonation and altitudinal forest disturbance. The zone of 1600–1700 m asl. dominated by secondary species such as Saurauia nudiflora, Glochidion arborescens, Glochidion rubrum, Ficus fistulosa, Vernonia arborea and Villebrunea rubescens. In altitude of >1900 m asl. dominated by primary species such as Macropanax dispermum, Astronia spectabilis, Turpinia spaerocarpa, Elaeocarpus oxypyren and Syzygium laxiflorum. The forest structure could be seen by diameter and height stem classes distribution. Although the most of trees are small in size, but there have been still some largest trees were Engelhardia spicata, Turpinia sphaerocarpa and Astronia spectabilis. Key words: West Java, Ciremai Mountain National Park, forest zonation, structure and species composition

Analisa Vegetasi Hutan Pegunungan di Taman Nasional Gunung Ciremai, Majalengka, Jawa Barat

Study on the riparian forest of Nggeng River bank at Kayan Mentarang National Park was carried out with quadrate method. It would cover species composition and vegetation structure. The results of a floristic inventory of trees with DBH e" 10 cm in a lowland riparian forest of Nggeng river side show that 106 species, consist of 53 genera and 29 families in the plot of 2 hectare sampled. The two leading families in terms of number of species were Dipterocarpaceae and Myrtaceae while according to the total sum of importance values were Dipterocarpaceae and Fabaceae. The common species in two plots were Saraca hulletii, Parashorea parviflora, Dipterocarpus oblongifolius, Castanopsis motleyana, and Dryobalanops lanceolata. The diversity of the river-side were lower than the other forest in Kalimantan and in north is more rich of species than south plot. The forest type on the river side were shown mixed dipterocarp forest, because the forest dominated by dipterocarps species. Forest structure on the sides of Nggeng River were shown there were some emergent trees, they are up to 45 m tall and in diameter >100 cm. Some emergent trees in the location were such as Parashorea parviflora, Dipterocarpus oblongifolius and Shorea spp. Lists on the most 10 leading family trees, 10 leading family saplings, density, frequency and important values of each inventory plants species are provided.

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Purwaningsih Purwaningsih

Papers

R E V I E W: Ecological distribution of Dipterocarpaceae species in Indonesia

Phytosociological study of the montane forest on the south slope of mt. wilis, east java, indonesia

Keanekaragaman jenis dan sebaran fagaceae di indonesia

Analisa Vegetasi Hutan Pegunungan di Taman Nasional Gunung Ciremai, Majalengka, Jawa Barat

Analisa vegetasi hutan riparian dataran rendah ditepi sungai nggeng, taman nasional kayan mentarang, kalimantan timur