Steep hikes of petroleum prices and rising demand of petroleum products compels the scientific society to think for the renewable alternative fuels like biodiesel. Biodiesel production is generally carried out through the process of transesterification reaction. The reaction is facilitated with a suitable catalyst either homogeneous or heterogeneous. The selection of appropriate catalyst depends on the amount of free fatty acids in the oil. Heterogeneous catalyst provides high activity, high selectivity, high water tolerance properties and these properties depend on the amount and strengths of active acid or basic sites. Basic catalyst can be subdivided based on the type of metal oxides and their derivatives. Similarly, acidic catalyst can be subdivided depending upon their active acidic sites. New varieties of mixed catalyst are also available in literatures. Catalyst generated from bio-waste and other biocatalysts which are heterogeneous in nature and extensively reported in literature are also reviewed. This review focused about the recent invention and use of the heterogeneous acid, base and biocatalysts for biodiesel production and their suitability for industrial application.

Modern heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production: A comprehensive review

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A review of catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of lignin-derived phenols from biomass pyrolysis.

Biodiesel is gaining acceptance in the market as fuel and lubricant. It is expected that biodiesel industries will rapidly grow worldwide in the coming years and information on biodiesel feedstock, production, and characteristics will be crucial than ever especially for those using vegetable oils as feedstock as these are currently the major sources for making biodiesel. In the present paper, a comprehensive review is reported on feedstock, production technologies, and characteristics of biodiesel. More specifically, selected available vegetable oils are explored as feedstock for biodiesel production. Production technologies including latest catalyst developments are discussed. Finally, biodiesel characteristics and parameters influencing the corresponding properties are revealed. Since this paper covers a wide range in biodiesel area, it serves as a general public education medium as well as a research reference for biodiesel production from vegetable oils.

Biodiesel from vegetable oils

The concern for depletion of fossil fuels and their growing environmental threats necessitates to develop efficient techniques for utilization of biomass as an alternative fuel source which is renewable and environmentally safe. Catalytic cracking of biomass pyrolysis derived feedstock could be an economical process for production of high value added chemicals which are currently obtained from fossil fuels. However, promotion of reaction selectivity toward valuable chemicals is a great challenge in this process. Coke formation in catalytic cracking of biomass pyrolysis vapors/bio-oil is a competing reaction with production of valuable hydrocarbons like aromatics and olefins. Coke is one major undesired product of this process which its high yield is due to low hydrogen to carbon effective ratio of biomass and in turn low hydrogen content in hydrocarbon pool inside catalyst. Catalytic cracking of biomass pyrolysis vapors/bio-oil is a highly shape selective reaction with strong dependency on catalyst acidity and reaction conditions. This paper, for the first time, reviews the effects of catalyst properties and reaction conditions on reaction selectivity toward aromatics and olefins in catalytic cracking of biomass pyrolysis vapors/bio-oil and bio-oil model compounds.

Production of green aromatics and olefins by catalytic cracking of oxygenate compounds derived from biomass pyrolysis: A review

Biodiesel, which could be derived from plant oils and animal fats, is considered as a promising substitute for petroleum diesel fuel because of its advantages, such as renewability, biodegradability, less environmental toxicity, and superior combustion efficiency. The feedstock used for biodiesel production primarily include edible oils, non-edible oils, waste oils, and animal fats. Consistent scientific investigations are performed to locate innovative oil resources and minimize the utilization of expensive food-grade oils for biodiesel production. The extensive research information is available on the determination of physico-chemical properties of different plant oils. This review will present a general information related to the existing varieties of oil feedstocks, their lipid content, and fatty acid composition. This article further discusses different methods employed to enable the usage of plant oils as biofuel, such as its direct use, blending, thermal cracking, microemulsion, and alcoholysis process. Among the possible methodologies for biodiesel production, alcoholysis process, in the presence or absence of a catalytic material, have been frequently employed. The benefits and limitations of using homogeneous, heterogeneous, enzyme catalysts, and supercritical method for the alcoholysis process are comprehensively discussed. In the current article, efforts have been made to review the recent inventions in homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic materials utilized for biodiesel production. The present study shall provide a tool for the selection of an optimal catalyst for a large-scale biodiesel production.

Qijun Zhang

Papers

Transesterification of sunflower oil to biodiesel on zro2 supported la2o3 catalyst

Upgrading of low-boiling fraction of bio-oil in supercritical methanol and reaction network.

High-yield production of FK228 and new derivatives in a Burkholderia chassis.