5.1. Detection Formats 475 5.2. Food Quality and Safety Analysis 477 5.2.1. Pathogens 477 5.2.2. Toxins 479 5.2.3. Veterinary Drugs 479 5.2.4. Vitamins 480 5.2.5. Hormones 480 5.2.6. Diagnostic Antibodies 480 5.2.7. Allergens 481 5.2.8. Proteins 481 5.2.9. Chemical Contaminants 481 5.3. Medical Diagnostics 481 5.3.1. Cancer Markers 481 5.3.2. Antibodies against Viral Pathogens 482 5.3.3. Drugs and Drug-Induced Antibodies 483 5.3.4. Hormones 483 5.3.5. Allergy Markers 483 5.3.6. Heart Attack Markers 484 5.3.7. Other Molecular Biomarkers 484 5.4. Environmental Monitoring 484 5.4.1. Pesticides 484 5.4.2. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) 485 5.4.3. Aromatic Hydrocarbons 485 5.4.4. Heavy Metals 485 5.4.5. Phenols 485 5.4.6. Polychlorinated Biphenyls 487 5.4.7. Dioxins 487 5.5. Summary 488 6. Conclusions 489 7. Abbreviations 489 8. Acknowledgment 489 9. References 489

Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors for Detection of Chemical and Biological Species

A review of analytical techniques for determination of Sudan I-IV dyes in food matrixes.

Carboxylic acid- and amino-functionalized ionic liquids were used as the stabilizer for the systhesis of metal nanoparticles in aqueous solution. Smaller gold nanoparticles (3.5 nm) and platinum nanoparticles (2.5 nm) were prepared with NaBH4 as the reductant. Larger gold nanospheres (23, 42, and 98 nm) were synthesized using different quantities of trisodiumcitrate reductant. The morphology and the surface state of the metal nanoparticles were characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, UV−visible spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra indicated that binding energies of C 1s and N 1s from ionic liquids on the surface of metal nanoparticles shifted negatively compared with that from pure ionic liquids. The mechanism of stabilization is proposed to be due to the interactions between imidazolium ions/functional groups in ionic liquids and metal atoms. Resonance Rayleigh scattering property of the functionalized ionic liquid-stabili...

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Ionic Liquid-Stabilized Metal (Gold and Platinum) Nanoparticles and Metal Nanoparticle/Carbon Nanotube Hybrids

Silver nanoprobe for sensitive and selective colorimetric detection of dopamine via robust Ag-catechol interaction.

Food colors are added to different types of commodities to increase their visual attractiveness or to compensate for natural color variations. The use of these additives is strictly regulated in the European Union, the United States, and many other countries worldwide. There is a growing concern about the safety of some commonly used legal food colorants and there is a trend to replace the synthetic forms with natural products. Additionally, a number of dyes with known or suspected genotoxic or carcinogenic properties have been shown to be added illegally to foods. Robust monitoring programs based on reliable detection methods are required to assure the food is free from harmful colors. The aim of this review is to present an up to date status of the various concerns arising from use of color additives in food. The most important food safety concerns in the field of food colors are lack of uniform regulation concerning legal food colors worldwide, possible link of artificial colors to hyperactive behavior, replacement of synthetic colors with natural ones, and the presence of harmful illegal dyes-both known but also new, emerging ones in food. The legal status of food color additives in the EU, United States, and worldwide is summarized. The reported negative health effects of both legal and illegal colors are presented. The European Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed notifications and US import alerts concerning food colors are analyzed and trends in fraudulent use of color additives identified. The detection methods for synthetic colors are also reviewed.

Food colors: Existing and emerging food safety concerns

A visual light scattering detection method of Sudan dyes is reported in food products based on the formation of silver nanoparticles (NPs) . Sudan dyes including I, II, III and IV have reducibility due to the nitrogen−nitrogen double bond and phenol group in their molecular structure, and a redox reaction could occur with AgNO3. Owing to the formation of silver NPs as a result of the redox reaction, color changes could be observed by eye from the red of Sudan to the brown of silver NPs, resulting in strong plasmon resonance light scattering (PRLS) signals characterized at 452 nm, which could be measured using a common spectrofluorometer. It was found that the PRLS intensities were proportional to the dye concentrations over the range of 0.2−2.4 μM Sudan I, 0.1−2.4 μM Sudan II, 0.1−2.4 μM Sudan III, and 0.2−3.0 μM Sudan IV, with the corresponding limits of determination (3σ) of 3.2, 3.0, 3.2, and 2.9 nM, respectively. Using hot chili as a model sample, detection could be made with the recovery of 90.8−103....

Qin Zhang

Papers

Visual Detection of Sudan Dyes Based on the Plasmon Resonance Light Scattering Signals of Silver Nanoparticles

Quality control of piperaquine in pharmaceutical formulations by capillary zone electrophoresis.

Carbon dots doped with nitrogen as an ultrasensitive fluorescent probe for thrombin activity monitoring and inhibitor screening.