Recent development and applications of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction

Liquid phase microextraction (LPME) is a popular technique for sample pretreatment before the trace determination of target compounds from complex matrices, examples being pesticides in environmental and food samples, or drug residuals in biological samples such as blood or urine. LPME is simple, affordable, easy to operate, and highly sensitive. It is a miniaturized implementation of conventional liquid-liquid extraction in which only a few microliters of solvents are used instead of several hundreds of milliliters. This review focuses on newly developed LPME-based techniques, their application to environmental and biological samples, on their limitations, and on future applications.

Trends in liquid-phase microextraction, and its application to environmental and biological samples

Ionic liquid-linked dual magnetic microextraction of lead(II) from environmental samples prior to its micro-sampling flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination.

Magnetic retrieval of ionic liquids: Fast dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the determination of benzoylurea insecticides in environmental water samples

The liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) method is a sample pretreatment technique that uses small volumes of organic solvents to extract a wide variety of analytes from different matrices prior to instrumental analysis. The development of these techniques focuses on providing simple, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly extraction procedures for sample preparation or pretreatment. In this review, the most recent developments in LPME techniques for the analysis of various environmental pollutants are summarized after being categorized into several groups such as dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME), ferrofluid-based microextraction, supramolecular-based liquid phase microextraction, and vortex-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction. Moreover, the extraction principles, the solvent production mechanism, and the historical development of the LPME techniques are also discussed. Finally, recent reports on the applications of these methodologies are reviewed.

Qingxiang Zhou

Papers

Determination of lead in environmental waters with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction prior to atomic fluorescence spectrometry.