A systematic literature review of blockchain-based applications: Current status, classification and open issues

The past decade has witnessed the rapid evolution in blockchain technologies, which has attracted tremendous interests from both the research communities and industries. The blockchain network was originated from the Internet financial sector as a decentralized, immutable ledger system for transactional data ordering. Nowadays, it is envisioned as a powerful backbone/framework for decentralized data processing and data-driven self-organization in flat, open-access networks. In particular, the plausible characteristics of decentralization, immutability, and self-organization are primarily owing to the unique decentralized consensus mechanisms introduced by blockchain networks. This survey is motivated by the lack of a comprehensive literature review on the development of decentralized consensus mechanisms in blockchain networks. In this paper, we provide a systematic vision of the organization of blockchain networks. By emphasizing the unique characteristics of decentralized consensus in blockchain networks, our in-depth review of the state-of-the-art consensus protocols is focused on both the perspective of distributed consensus system design and the perspective of incentive mechanism design. From a game-theoretic point of view, we also provide a thorough review of the strategy adopted for self-organization by the individual nodes in the blockchain backbone networks. Consequently, we provide a comprehensive survey of the emerging applications of blockchain networks in a broad area of telecommunication. We highlight our special interest in how the consensus mechanisms impact these applications. Finally, we discuss several open issues in the protocol design for blockchain consensus and the related potential research directions.

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A Survey on Consensus Mechanisms and Mining Strategy Management in Blockchain Networks

Internet of Things (IoT) is reshaping the incumbent industry to smart industry featured with data-driven decision-making. However, intrinsic features of IoT result in a number of challenges, such as decentralization, poor interoperability, privacy, and security vulnerabilities. Blockchain technology brings the opportunities in addressing the challenges of IoT. In this paper, we investigate the integration of blockchain technology with IoT. We name such synthesis of blockchain and IoT as blockchain of things (BCoT). This paper presents an in-depth survey of BCoT and discusses the insights of this new paradigm. In particular, we first briefly introduce IoT and discuss the challenges of IoT. Then, we give an overview of blockchain technology. We next concentrate on introducing the convergence of blockchain and IoT and presenting the proposal of BCoT architecture. We further discuss the issues about using blockchain for fifth generation beyond in IoT as well as industrial applications of BCoT. Finally, we outline the open research directions in this promising area.

Blockchain for Internet of Things: A Survey

Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain have become two of the most trending and disruptive technologies. Blockchain technology has the ability to automate payment in cryptocurrency and to provide access to a shared ledger of data, transactions, and logs in a decentralized, secure, and trusted manner. Also with smart contracts, blockchain has the ability to govern interactions among participants with no intermediary or a trusted third party. AI, on the other hand, offers intelligence and decision-making capabilities for machines similar to humans. In this paper, we present a detailed survey on blockchain applications for AI. We review the literature, tabulate, and summarize the emerging blockchain applications, platforms, and protocols specifically targeting AI area. We also identify and discuss open research challenges of utilizing blockchain technologies for AI.

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Blockchain for AI: Review and Open Research Challenges

The drastically increasing volume and the growing trend on the types of data have brought in the possibility of realizing advanced applications such as enhanced driving safety, and have enriched existing vehicular services through data sharing among vehicles and data analysis. Due to limited resources with vehicles, vehicular edge computing and networks (VECONs) i.e., the integration of mobile edge computing and vehicular networks, can provide powerful computing and massive storage resources. However, road side units that primarily presume the role of vehicular edge computing servers cannot be fully trusted, which may lead to serious security and privacy challenges for such integrated platforms despite their promising potential and benefits. We exploit consortium blockchain and smart contract technologies to achieve secure data storage and sharing in vehicular edge networks. These technologies efficiently prevent data sharing without authorization. In addition, we propose a reputation-based data sharing scheme to ensure high-quality data sharing among vehicles. A three-weight subjective logic model is utilized for precisely managing reputation of the vehicles. Numerical results based on a real dataset show that our schemes achieve reasonable efficiency and high-level of security for data sharing in VECONs.

Blockchain for Secure and Efficient Data Sharing in Vehicular Edge Computing and Networks

In industrial Internet of things (IIoT), peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading ubiquitously takes place in various scenarios, e.g., microgrids, energy harvesting networks, and vehicle-to-grid networks. However, there are common security and privacy challenges caused by untrusted and nontransparent energy markets in these scenarios. To address the security challenges, we exploit the consortium blockchain technology to propose a secure energy trading system named energy blockchain. This energy blockchain can be widely used in general scenarios of P2P energy trading getting rid of a trusted intermediary. Besides, to reduce the transaction limitation resulted from transaction confirmation delays on the energy blockchain, we propose a credit-based payment scheme to support fast and frequent energy trading. An optimal pricing strategy using Stackelberg game for credit-based loans is also proposed. Security analysis and numerical results based on a real dataset illustrate that the proposed energy blockchain and credit-based payment scheme are secure and efficient in IIoT.

Consortium Blockchain for Secure Energy Trading in Industrial Internet of Things

The invention relates to an SOC estimation method of a battery of an electric vehicle, which is mainly used for solving the technical problems of safety circulation of the battery, the SOC estimation algorithm of the power battery and the like. The technical scheme provides a chip for implanting information in an ordinary battery pack and a SOC neutral network estimation method based on the type of the battery and a life factor of the battery of the electric vehicle on the basis of certification requirement during the circulation of the battery and analysis of a standard module of a neutral network SOC estimation method. The information chip can ensure the compatibility of a manufacturer, a charging station and the electric vehicle with the battery pack and high safety, avoid leading counterfeit batteries to enter into the circulation field, be easy to construct a unified battery network management information platform and form a stable battery using management market scheme; and the type of the battery, the recorded charge and discharge data in recent plural times and the number of cycles, which are obtained from the information chip in the battery, as well as rated capacity recorded in the chip are inputted into a life factor analysis module, then the life state of the battery is judged, and the type of the battery and the life factor are increased as the input on the basis of taking voltage, current and temperature as the input in a neutral network standard module, thereby realizing the precise estimation of the state of charge of the battery of the electric vehicle.

SOC estimation method of battery of electric vehicle

An evaluation method for a system on a chip (SOC) of a charging station battery mainly solves the technical problem of charging station battery identity authentication and management and SOC evaluation algorithm of a charging station battery. The technical scheme is that: providing a charging station battery SOC nerve network evaluation method on the basis of standard model analysis of a charging station battery management scheme and a SOC evaluation method of a nerve network under the environment of an intelligent power grid based on type and life factor. A reading-writing module in a management system is used for reading inherent output information including a sole battery information identify (ID) number, a battery type, rated capacity and the like stored in an information chip of an ordinary battery, and rapid battery authentication under an united authentication system can be achieved. The charging station battery management system can use historic charging data of a battery from a network server through communication of a process layer network and a between station network of the charging battery so as to fit a curve of circulation time and electricity amount value, work out the life factor and judge the life state of the battery. On the basis that voltage, current and temperature serve as an input in the standard model of the nerve network, the battery type and life factor are added as input so as to achieve accurate evaluation of the charge state of the charging station battery.

Qingyong Deng

Papers

Consortium Blockchain for Secure Energy Trading in Industrial Internet of Things

SOC estimation method of battery of electric vehicle

Evaluation method for system on chip (SOC) of charging station battery

Teacher-student knowledge distillation for real-time correlation tracking

A novel centralized coded caching scheme for edge caching basestation