Erik Eriksen is a remarkable individual. He has no college degrees yet is Professor of Human Development at Harvard University. He came to psychology via art, which explains why the reader will find him painting contexts and backgrounds rather than stating dull facts and concepts. He has been a training psychoanalyst for many years as well as a perceptive observer of cultural and social settings and their effect on growing up. This is not just a book on childhood. It is a panorama of our society. Anxiety in young children, apathy in American Indians, confusion in veterans of war, and arrogance in young Nazis are scrutinized under the psychoanalytic magnifying glass. The material is well written and devoid of technical jargon. The theme of the volume is that it is human to have a long childhood which will leave a lifelong residue of emotional immaturity in man. Primitive groups and

Childhood and Society.

This review covers recent developments in the social influence literature, focusing primarily on compliance and conformity research published between 1997 and 2002. The principles and processes underlying a target's susceptibility to outside influences are considered in light of three goals fundamental to rewarding human functioning. Specifically, targets are motivated to form accurate perceptions of reality and react accordingly, to develop and preserve meaningful social relationships, and to maintain a favorable self-concept. Consistent with the current movement in compliance and conformity research, this review emphasizes the ways in which these goals interact with external forces to engender social influence processes that are subtle, indirect, and outside of awareness.

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Social Influence: Compliance and Conformity

Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (2nd ed.)

The Political Consciousness of Post-Industrialism@@@The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles among Western Publics.

The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders derives primarily from clinical observations of patients with substance use disorders. Individuals discover that the specific actions or effects of each class of drugs relieve or change a range of painful affect states. Self-medication factors occur in a context of self-regulation vulnerabilities--primarily difficulties in regulating affects, self-esteem, relationships, and self-care. Persons with substance use disorders suffer in the extreme with their feelings, either being overwhelmed with painful affects or seeming not to feel their emotions at all. Substances of abuse help such individuals to relieve painful affects or to experience or control emotions when they are absent or confusing. Diagnostic studies provide evidence that variously supports and fails to support a self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders. The cause-consequence controversy involving psychopathology and substance use/abuse is reviewed and critiqued. In contrast, clinical observations and empirical studies that focus on painful affects and subjective states of distress more consistently suggest that such states of suffering are important psychological determinants in using, becoming dependent upon, and relapsing to addictive substances. Subjective states of distress and suffering involved in motives to self-medicate with substances of abuse are considered with respect to nicotine dependence and to schizophrenia and posttraumatic stress disorder comorbid with a substance use disorder.

The Self-medication Hypothesis of Substance Use Disorders: A Reconsideration and Recent Applications

Background The relatively recent adoption of modern statistical analysis methods, such as latent growth modelling (lgm), makes it possible to study differences in the individual trajectories of development over time. Aim To examine prospectively the developmental trajectories of anxiety disorder symptoms in a large sample of adolescents (N = 1,318) from the general population over a period of five years. Method The adolescents were divided into two cohorts: early adolescents (average age 12 at the first measurement) and middle adolescents (average age 16 at the first measurement). Age and gender differences in the developmental trajectories of adolescent anxiety disorder symptoms over time were examined by means of lgm. results Over the course of five years there was a slight decrease in panic disorder, school anxiety and separation anxiety disorder symptoms for all adolescents, with the exception of social phobia symptoms, which remained fairly stable over time. Adolescent girls showed a slight increase in generalised anxiety disorder symptoms over time, whereas these symptoms decreased among adolescent boys. Conclusion The use of individual trajectory-based analyses, enabled us to study advance our understanding of age and gender differences in the development of adolescent anxiety symptoms.

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[Developmental trajectories of anxiety disorder symptoms in adolescents: a five-year prospective community study].

De psychometrische eigenschappen van de Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (scared) zijn onderzocht binnen een grote steekproef uit de algemene adolescentenpopulatie. In 2001 hebben 1.340 adolescenten van twaalf verschillende middelbare scholen in de provincie Utrecht de scared ingevuld. De scared is een zelfbeoordelingsvragenlijst waarmee beoogd wordt vijf symptoomdimensies van angst bij adolescenten te meten. Confirmatieve factoranalyses (voor de factorstructuur) en variantieanalyses (voor de scoreverschillen) werden uitgevoerd voor zowel de gehele steekproef als voor jongens en meisjes, jongere adolescenten (10-13 jr.) en oudere adolescenten (14-18 jr.) en autochtone adolescenten en Nederlandse adolescenten van allochtone afkomst. Uit de analyses bleek dat de vijffactorstructuur van de scared niet alleen van toepassing is voor de algemene adolescentenpopulatie maar ook van toepassing is voor verschillende leeftijds-, geslachts- en etnische groepen. Tevens werd gevonden dat de symptoomdimensiescores van de scared voor diverse adolescentengroepen onderling verschillen. De onderzoeksresultaten ondersteunen de bewering dat de scared een vijffactorstructuur bezit en bevestigen de bruikbaarheid van de scared voor het meten van angstsymptomen bij adolescenten.

Psychometrische eigenschappen van de Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders ( scared ) in een Nederlandse adolescentenpopulatie

Attitudes of youngsters with respect to nature and environmental policy were investigated together with a large sample of scales measuring socio-cultural and socio-economic attitudes. These ‘green values’ could be differentiated in a pessimistic view on recent technological developments, in which the danger for the natural environment tends to be stressed, and a positive attitude towards nature itself, that goes with valuing naturalistic and sober lifestyles as a possible solution to environmental pollution. This ‘green thinking’ is not easily explained as belonging to extreme left-wing politics—as is suggested by the adjective ‘green’ in extreme left-wing political parties in Western Europe. Especially its more romantic aspects seem to be more of a conventional kind. Lower educated pupils are far more supportive of this green romanticism than better educated pupils are, but this tends to be accompanied by traditional and intolerant attitudes.

Quinten A. W. Raaijmakers

Papers

[Developmental trajectories of anxiety disorder symptoms in adolescents: a five-year prospective community study].

Psychometrische eigenschappen van de Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders ( scared ) in een Nederlandse adolescentenpopulatie

The Ambivalent Green World: Green Values as an Aspect of the World-View of Adolescents

Autoritätsgehorsam in Experimenten des Milgram-Typs: Eine Forschungsübersicht

Autoritätsgehorsam und persönliche Haftung / Administrative obedience and legal liability