https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/6674/cdc_6674_DS1.pdf

Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings. Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HIPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force.

The Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings provides health-care workers (HCWs) with a review of data regarding handwashing and hand antisepsis in health-care settings. In addition, it provides specific recommendations to promote improved hand-hygiene practices and reduce transmission of pathogenic microorganisms to patients and personnel in health-care settings. This report reviews studies published since the 1985 CDC guideline (Garner JS, Favero MS. CDC guideline for handwashing and hospital environmental control, 1985. Infect Control 1986;7:231-43) and the 1995 APIC guideline (Larson EL, APIC Guidelines Committee. APIC guideline for handwashing and hand antisepsis in health care settings. Am J Infect Control 1995;23:251-69) were issued and provides an in-depth review of hand-hygiene practices of HCWs, levels of adherence of personnel to recommended handwashing practices, and factors adversely affecting adherence. New studies of the in vivo efficacy of alcohol-based hand rubs and the low incidence of dermatitis associated with their use are reviewed. Recent studies demonstrating the value of multidisciplinary hand-hygiene promotion programs and the potential role of alcohol-based hand rubs in improving hand-hygiene practices are summarized. Recommendations concerning related issues (e.g., the use of surgical hand antiseptics, hand lotions or creams, and wearing of artificial fingernails) are also included.

/pdf/guideline-for-hand-hygiene-in-health-care-settings-5dgf1j7b1v.pdf

Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings: recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force.

Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality

The issue of whether low-level tolerance to germicides selects for antibiotic-resistant strains is unsettled but might depend on the mechanism by which tolerance is attained. For example, changes in the permeability barrier or efflux mechanisms might affect susceptibility to both antibiotics and germicides, but specific changes to a target site might not. Some researchers have suggested that use of disinfectants or antiseptics (e.g., triclosan) could facilitate development of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms 334, 335, . Although evidence in laboratory studies indicates low-level resistance to triclosan, the concentrations of triclosan in these studies were low (generally <1 μg/mL) and dissimilar from the higher levels used in antimicrobial products (2,000–20,000 μg/mL) 364, . Thus, researchers can create laboratory-derived mutants that demonstrate reduced susceptibility to antiseptics or disinfectants. In some experiments, such bacteria have demonstrated reduced susceptibility to certain antibiotics . There is no evidence that using antiseptics or disinfectants selects for antibiotic-resistant organisms in nature or that such mutants survive in nature. ). In addition, the action of antibiotics and the action of disinfectants differ fundamentally. Antibiotics are selectively toxic and generally have a single target site in bacteria, thereby inhibiting a specific biosynthetic process. Germicides generally are considered nonspecific antimicrobials because of a multiplicity of toxic-effect mechanisms or target sites and are broader spectrum in the types of microorganisms against which they are effective 344, .

/pdf/guideline-for-disinfection-and-sterilization-in-healthcare-1gzqhqy6ow.pdf

Guideline for disinfection and sterilization in healthcare facilities, 2008

Disinfection, Sterilization Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities, 2008

This study was aimed at assessing the role of water as a vehicle for rotavirus spread by determining how well these viruses survive in the water environment. A cell culture adapted strain of human rotavirus subgroup 2, grown in MA-104 cells, was used as a model. Virus survival was tested in the following types of water samples, derived from the Ottawa River, at two different times of the year: (i) raw water (RW), (ii) municipally treated tap water (TW), and (iii) raw water that had been filtered (FW) through a membrane (0.22 μm). The water samples, with approximately 5.0 × 104 plaque-forming units (PFU) of the virus, were held at either 4 or 20 °C and tested for infectious virus over a period of 64 days. The TW samples had a total and free chlorine content of 0.05 and <0.05 mg/L, respectively. The chlorine in these samples was not neutralized before virus contamination. Irrespective of the holding temperature, the virus titre in FW remained essentially unaltered throughout the test period. In TW held at 4...

Long-term survival of human rotavirus in raw and treated river water.

Nosocomial outbreaks of rotaviral gastroenteritis are a common occurrence. Although proper disinfection practices in the hospital environment are considered to be important in the prevention and co...

Rotavirus inactivation by chemical disinfectants and antiseptics used in hospitals.

Samples of conventionally treated drinking water collected either as effluent (PE) at a treatment plant or out of a tap (TW) in our laboratory were seeded with simian rotavirus SA-11, which closely...

R. A. Raphael

Papers

Long-term survival of human rotavirus in raw and treated river water.

Rotavirus inactivation by chemical disinfectants and antiseptics used in hospitals.

Rotavirus survival in conventionally treated drinking water

Rotavirus concentration from raw water using positively charged filters.