In this paper, the transmission planning state-of-the-art, which was obtained from the review of the most interesting models found in the international technical literature, is presented. The classification of publications was made, keeping in mind the solution methods, the treatment of the planning horizon, and the consideration of the new competitive schemes in the power sector. A discussion about the available tools for development of transmission planning models is also included.

Classification of publications and models on transmission expansion planning

This paper describes the application of an improved genetic algorithm (IGA) to deal with the solution of the transmission network expansion planning (TNEP) problem. Genetic algorithms (GAs) have demonstrated the ability to deal with nonconvex, nonlinear, integer-mixed optimization problems, like the TNEP problem, better than a number of mathematical methodologies. Some special features have been added to the basic genetic algorithm (GA) to improve its performance in solving the TNEP problem for three real-life, large-scale transmission systems. Results obtained reveal that GAs represent a promising approach for dealing with such a problem. In this paper, the theoretical issues of GA applied to this problem are emphasized.

Transmission network expansion planning under an improved genetic algorithm

Natural gas is an important fuel source in the power industry. Electricity and natural gas are both energy that can be directly consumed. To improve the overall efficiency of the energy infrastructure, it is imperative that the expansion of gas power plants, electricity transmission lines and gas pipelines can be co-planned. The co-planning process is modeled as a mixed integer nonlinear programming problem to handle conflicting objectives simultaneously. We propose a novel model to identify the optimal co-expansion plan in terms of social welfare. To evaluate the robustness of plans under different scenarios, the flexibility criterion is used to identify each plan’s adaptation cost to uncertainties, such as demand growth, fuel cost and financial constraints, etc. We developed a systematic and comprehensive planning model to understand, develop and optimize energy grids in order to reach higher social welfare, and is therefore of great importance in terms of supporting and guiding investment decisions for the power and gas industry. Meanwhile, we use the sequential importance sampling (SIS) to perform scenario reduction for achieving a higher computational efficiency. A comprehensive case study on the integrated IEEE 14-bus and a test gas system is conducted to validate our approach.

/pdf/multi-stage-flexible-expansion-co-planning-under-3i04ql9021.pdf

Multi-Stage Flexible Expansion Co-Planning Under Uncertainties in a Combined Electricity and Gas Market

Transmission expansion planning (TEP) has faced a significant change since the introduction of deregulation. It becomes even more complicated. Algorithms have to be changed to meet new challenges. This paper organizes and classifies existing TEP algorithms in both regulated and deregulated environment so as to facilitate other research works in this area. Besides, two suggestions have been made for the TEP approach in the future. Firstly, some standard elements are inevitably needed in TEP algorithms. Those standard elements can be left to other researchers for specialization. Research effort can, therefore, be saved, if only TEP algorithm has to be considered. Secondly, specific market regulations and conditions should be included in the future TEP algorithm so as to turn the algorithm from an academically feasible one into a commercially feasible one

Transmission Expansion Planning From Past to Future

In this study an attempt has been made to present the state of the art review on the research work conceded in the areas of design, modeling and cost optimization aspects of power transmission lines. Power transmission utilities in the present days are more dependent on the standard designs for constructing transmission to minimize the capital cost. Economic studies indicate that transmission lines employing optimized designs and scientific cost management methodologies for construction are significant in achieving much higher savings in capital investments. The design and cost optimization of transmission lines is a complex aspect as various simultaneously interacting parameters are involved. Development of comprehensive cost models involving design parameters affecting the cost are required for modeling and cost optimization studies. The present study aims to review the broad areas of transmission line design and construction aspects; current status and trends in power transmission; challenges involved in construction, operation and maintenance of these lines and possible solutions for mitigating the challenges; methods applied for carrying out design and optimization studies; and finally, procedures adopted for economic analysis of transmission lines. An attempt has also been made to compare the various techniques applied for transmission line optimization studies and economic analysis methods.

Optimal economic planning of power transmission lines: A review

This paper describes a cooperative expert system for managing the transmission expansion planning process, taking into account the selection of feasible transmission routes, as well as the definition of the expansion plan itself. The use of an expert system is proposed to create a planning environment, which can not only emulate the human expert reasoning, but also represent appropriately all heuristic knowledge related to this problem. The main point of this system is the fact that it is able to define feasible alternatives for the expansion of the electrical transmission system. Afterwards, the expert system executes a network flows program, which determines the minimum cost expansion plan. The developed prototype is tested with a realistic system of 500 busbars.

A cooperative expert system for transmission expansion planning of electrical power systems

The world population is aging at a rapid pace. According to the WHO (World Health Organization), from 2015 to 2050, the proportion of elderly people will practically double, from 12 to 22%, representing 2.1 billion people. From the individual’s point of view, aging brings a series of challenges, mainly related to health conditions. Although, seniors can experience opposing health profiles. With advancing age, cognitive functions tend to degrade, and conditions that affect the physical and mental health of the elderly are disabilities or deficiencies that affect Activities of Daily Living (ADL). The difficulty of carrying out these activities within the domestic context prevents the individual from living independently in their home. Abnormal behaviors in these activities may represent a decline in health status and the need for intervention by family members or caregivers. This work proposes the identification of anomalies in the ADL of the elderly in the domestic context through Machine Learning algorithms using the Novelty Detection method. The focus is on using available ADL data to create a baseline of behavior and using new data to classify them as normal or abnormal daily. The results obtained using the E-Health Monitoring database, using different Novelty Detection algorithms, have an accuracy of 91% and an F1-Score of 90%. 

Identification of Abnormal Behavior in Activities of Daily Life Using Novelty Detection

This paper describes a cooperative expert system for managing the transmission expansion planning process, taking into account the selection of feasible transmission routes, as well as the defmition of the expansion plan itself. The use of an expert system is proposed to create a planning environment, which can not only emulate the human expert reasoning, but also represent appropriately all heuristic knowledge related to this problem. The main point of this system is the fact that it is able to define feasible alternatives for the expansion of the electrical transmission system. Afterwards, the expert system executes a network flows program, which detemines the mini" cost expansion plan. The developed prototype is tested with a realistic system of 500 busbars.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel3/59/14619/00667393.pdf

Wt system for transmission expansion planning electrical power systems

The use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) methodology has expanded in recent years. This increase is due to the establishment of an open standard of interoperability, called “OPEN BIM”, by large, multinational software companies in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction industry. Open BIM uses the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) standard as the primary tool for information exchange. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) has been conducted on BIM and IFC, in which a gap in the development of studies on open source applications that use IFC as their main data structure has been identified. Thus, a framework architecture for general purpose BIM systems has been proposed, based on the IFC standard developed by buildinSMART. It has been sought to identify the key features and the functionalities of the main commercial software programs that currently exist on the market, based on the SLR and the current state of the art. In addition, the functional and non-functional requirements, which underpinned a component diagram (UML) of a framework architecture that represents the computer systems to be implemented in the BIM platform, and that are strongly linked to IFC, towards an open source platform, have been defined. A prototype of an open source software “Windows x Unity”, which, after discussing with 114 professionals of engineering and architecture areas, has been considered a promising tool, has been developed. 

R. C. G. Teive

Papers

A cooperative expert system for transmission expansion planning of electrical power systems

Identification of Abnormal Behavior in Activities of Daily Life Using Novelty Detection

Wt system for transmission expansion planning electrical power systems

A Framework Architecture Proposal Focused on Industry Foundation Classes in the Context of BIM Methodology: Towards an Open Source Platform