Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Comparative Cryptogam Ecology: A Review of Bryophyte and Lichen Traits that Drive Biogeochemistry

Summary Mosses in northern ecosystems are ubiquitous components of plant communities, and strongly influence nutrient, carbon and water cycling. We use literature review, synthesis and model simulations to explore the role of mosses in ecological stability and resilience. Moss community responses to disturbance showed all possible responses (increases, decreases, no change) within most disturbance categories. Simulations from two process-based models suggest that northern ecosystems would need to experience extreme perturbation before mosses were eliminated. But simulations with two other models suggest that loss of moss will reduce soil carbon accumulation primarily by influencing decomposition rates and soil nitrogen availability. It seems clear that mosses need to be incorporated into models as one or more plant functional types, but more empirical work is needed to determine how to best aggregate species. We highlight several issues that have not been adequately explored in moss communities, such as functional redundancy and singularity, relationships between response and effect traits, and parameter vs conceptual uncertainty in models. Mosses play an important role in several ecosystem processes that play out over centuries – permafrost formation and thaw, peat accumulation, development of microtopography – and there is a need for studies that increase our understanding of slow, long-term dynamical processes. Contents Summary 49

https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04254.x

The resilience and functional role of moss in boreal and arctic ecosystems.

Foreword Acknowledgements Contributors Participants in the 2003 Cary Conference Ecosystem Function in Heterogeneous Landscapes.- Section I Challenges and Conceptual Approaches: Editors' Introduction to Section I.- Causes and Consequences of Spatial Heterogeneity in Ecosystem Function. -The Template: Patterns and Processes of Spatial Variation.- Thoughts on the Generation and Importance of Spatial Heterogeneity in Ecosystems and Landscapes.- Reciprocal Cause and Effect Between Environmental Heterogeneity and Transport Processes.- Section II Perspectives from Different Disciplines: Editors' Introduction to Section II.- Population Ecology in Spatially Heterogeneous Environments.- Heterogeneity in Hydrologic Processes: A Terrestrial Hydrologic Modeling Perspective.- Spatial Heterogeneity in Infectious Disease Epidemics.- Spatial Heterogeneity and Its Relation to Processes in the Upper Ocean.- Section III Illustrations of Heterogeneity and Ecosystem Function: Editors' Introduction to Section III.- Heterogeneity in Arid and Semiarid Lands.- Formation of Soil-Vegetation Patterns.- Spatial Patterning of Soil Carbon Storage Across Boreal Landscapes.- Heterogeneity in Urban Ecosystems: Patterns and Process.- Origins, Patterns, and Importance of Heterogeneity in Riparian Systems.- Flowpaths as Integrators of Heterogeneity in Streams and Landscapes.- Causes and Consequences of Spatial Heterogeneity in Lakes.- Section IV Application of Frameworks and Concepts: Editors' Introduction to Section IV.- The Importance of Multi-Scale Spatial Heterogeneity in Wildland Fire Management and Research.- The Role of Spatial Heterogeneity in the Management of Freshwater Resources.- The Roles of Spatial Heterogeneity and Ecological Processes in Conservation Planning.- Section V Synthesis: Editors' Introduction to Section V.- Challenges in Understanding the Functions of Ecological Heterogeneity.- Spatial Pattern and Ecosystem Function: Reflections on Current Knowledge and Future Directions.- Spatial Heterogeneity: Past, Present, and Future.- Heterogeneity and Ecosystem Function: Enhancing Ecological Understanding and Applications.- Conceptual Frameworks: Plan for a Half-Built House.- Index.

R. E. Longton

Papers

The role of spores in reproduction in mosses

The acceptability of mosses as food for generalist herbivores, slugs in the Arionidae

Adaptations and strategies of polar bryophytes

Preface: Bryophytes in terrestrial ecosystems