The beneficial effects of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) on human health are widely known. Humans are rather inefficient in synthesizing n-3 LC-PUFA; thus, these compounds should be supplemented in the diet. However, most Western human diets have unbalanced n-6/n-3 ratios resulting from eating habits and the fact that fish sources (rich in n-3 LC-PUFA) are not sufficient (worldwide deficit ~347,956 t/y) to meet the world requirements. In this context, it is necessary to find new and sustainable sources of n-3 LC-PUFA. Poultry products can provide humans n-3 LC-PUFA due to physiological characteristics and the wide consumption of meat and eggs. The present work aims to provide a general overview of the main strategies that should be adopted during rearing and postproduction to enrich and preserve n-3 LC-PUFA in poultry products. The strategies include dietary supplementation of α-Linolenic acid (ALA) or n-3 LC-PUFA, or enhancing n-3 LC-PUFA by improving the LA (Linoleic acid)/ALA ratio and antioxidant concentrations. Moreover, factors such as genotype, rearing system, transport, and cooking processes can impact the n-3 LC-PUFA in poultry products. The use of a multifactorial view in the entire production chain allows the relevant enrichment and preservation of n-3 LC-PUFA in poultry products.

/pdf/poultry-meat-and-eggs-as-an-alternative-source-of-n-3-long-2893g3j8.pdf

Poultry Meat and Eggs as an Alternative Source of n-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for Human Nutrition

Changes in nutritional and antinutritional aspects of soybean meals by mechanical and solid-state fermentation treatments with Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus oryzae

Effects of various macroalgae species on methane production, rumen fermentation, and ruminant production: A meta-analysis from in vitro and in vivo experiments

/pdf/a-meta-analysis-to-evaluate-the-effects-of-garlic-2k06n9z0.pdf

A meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of garlic supplementation on performance and blood lipids profile of broiler chickens

Flax seed meal is a valuable source of fatty acids, particularly omega-3 such as alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), but its mucilage contents limit its use. This study assessed the effect of different levels of soaked flax seed meal (SFSM) on the production and health parameters in Rhode Island Red laying hens. A total of 120 hens were divided into three groups and fed diets containing 0, 6, and 12% SFSM for 10 weeks. The impact was determined based on the egg production and quality, lipid metabolites, antioxidant status, immune response, fertility, and hatchability. Diets containing up to 12% SFSM had no adverse effects on the laying rate, egg weight and mass, and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Hens supplemented with a diet containing 12% SFSM exhibited an improved egg-specific gravity, shell thickness, and yolk color. Moreover, egg albumen (%) and blood and meat spots were significantly increased. The Haugh unit score decreased substantially in chickens supplemented with a diet containing 12% SFSM. Moreover, the blood plasma and yolk lipid profiles were significantly reduced dose-dependently. The inclusion of SFSM improved the yolk lipoprotein by increasing the plasma and yolk high- density lipoprotein (HDL) and HDL/LDL (low-density lipoprotein). However, the antioxidant markers, namely, malondialdehyde (MDA), and the ratio between total antioxidants capacity (TAC)/MDA, were negatively affected in hens fed a 12% SFSM diet. Furthermore, the birds fed a 12% SFSM diet had a better immune response based on the phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, lymphocyte transformation test, lysozyme activity, and antibody titer for Newcastle disease virus. The fertility and hatchability increased significantly by 4.81 and 6.74%, respectively, when the hens were fed a diet of 12% SFSM compared with the control. In conclusion, up to 12% of SFSM in hens’ diets had no adverse effects on the productive and reproductive performances; at the same time, they improved the yolk color, plasma lipid profiles, yolk lipid profiles, and immune parameters.

/pdf/egg-production-and-quality-lipid-metabolites-antioxidant-2czhfpvz.pdf

Egg Production and Quality, Lipid Metabolites, Antioxidant Status and Immune Response of Laying Hens Fed Diets with Various Levels of Soaked Flax Seed Meal

Supplementary n-3 fatty acids sources on performance and formation of omega-3 in egg of laying hens: a meta-analysis.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/292/1/012004/pdf

The Effects of Linseed Supplementation in Ration on Milk Production and Quality of Lactating Ettawa Crossbreed Dairy Goats

Evaluation of thermo-mechanical and microbial-facilitated processing on the chemical composition of soybean meal

The study aimed to determine the effect of linseed use on lactating Ettawa crossbreed dairy goat rations in terms of protein quality had been carried out both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro experiments were carried out using rumen fluid as a source of inoculum from 5 Simmental cows. While in vivo experiments were carried out using 16 heads of lactating dairy crossbreed goat. Sixteen heads of goats were allotted according to completely randomized design. The goats were distributed into 4 treatments. The treatments consisted of basal ration consisted of 11.8% forage and 88.2% concentrate (T1), and ration consisted of 11.8% forage and 78.9% concentrate supplemented with 9.3% linseed (T2), 9.3% linseed protected with 10 g/kg formaldehyde (T3), or 9.3% linseed protected with 34 g/kg cinnamaldehyde (T4). All goats received Odot Grass and concentrate at the level of 5% of body weight. The results showed that the protection using both formaldehyde and cinemaldehyde had no significant differences (P <0.05). Ammonia concentration is not affected by the treatment of protected linseed use. Microbial proteins analyzed by the Lowry method gave different results not significantly. This shows that the four treatments were able to provide nutrients for rumen microbial. Protein digestibility of rations and protein contained in milk from the four treatments showed that it did not differ between treatments. It is concluded that rations containing protected or unprotected linseed have no effect on ammonia concentration, protein micobial in rumen fluid, protein digestibility and milk protein.The study aimed to determine the effect of linseed use on lactating Ettawa crossbreed dairy goat rations in terms of protein quality had been carried out both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro experiments were carried out using rumen fluid as a source of inoculum from 5 Simmental cows. While in vivo experiments were carried out using 16 heads of lactating dairy crossbreed goat. Sixteen heads of goats were allotted according to completely randomized design. The goats were distributed into 4 treatments. The treatments consisted of basal ration consisted of 11.8% forage and 88.2% concentrate (T1), and ration consisted of 11.8% forage and 78.9% concentrate supplemented with 9.3% linseed (T2), 9.3% linseed protected with 10 g/kg formaldehyde (T3), or 9.3% linseed protected with 34 g/kg cinnamaldehyde (T4). All goats received Odot Grass and concentrate at the level of 5% of body weight. The results showed that the protection using both formaldehyde and cinemaldehyde had no significant differences (P <0.05). Ammoni...

R. F. Hadi

Papers

Supplementary n-3 fatty acids sources on performance and formation of omega-3 in egg of laying hens: a meta-analysis.

The Effects of Linseed Supplementation in Ration on Milk Production and Quality of Lactating Ettawa Crossbreed Dairy Goats

Evaluation of thermo-mechanical and microbial-facilitated processing on the chemical composition of soybean meal

Evaluation of nutritional value of linseed protein quality in lactating Ettawa crossbreed dairy goats

Feeding kampong chickens with infertile eggs: effects on 6-weeks performance