We present a zero-dimensional kinetic model of CO2 splitting in non-equilibrium plasmas. The model includes a description of the CO2 vibrational kinetics (25 vibrational levels up to the dissociation limit of the molecule), taking into account state-specific VT and VV relaxation reactions and the effect of vibrational excitation on other chemical reactions. The model is applied to study the reaction kinetics of CO2 splitting in an atmospheric-pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) and in a moderate-pressure microwave discharge. The model results are in qualitative agreement with published experimental works. We show that the CO2 conversion and its energy efficiency are very different in these two types of discharges, which reflects the important dissociation mechanisms involved. In the microwave discharge, excitation of the vibrational levels promotes efficient dissociation when the specific energy input is higher than a critical value (2.0 eV/molecule under the conditions examined). The calculated energy efficiency of the process has a maximum of 23%. In the DBD, vibrationally excited levels do not contribute significantly to the dissociation of CO2 and the calculated energy efficiency of the process is much lower (5%).

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0963-0252/23/4/045004/pdf

Splitting of CO2 by vibrational excitation in non-equilibrium plasmas: a reaction kinetics model

/pdf/fakultat-fur-physik-und-astronomie-2db3tgabsl.pdf

Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie

The Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer (NGIMS) of the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission (MAVEN) is designed to measure the composition, struc- ture, and variability of the upper atmosphere of Mars. The NGIMS complements two other instrument packages on the MAVEN spacecraft designed to characterize the neutral upper atmosphere and ionosphere of Mars and the solar wind input to this region of the atmo- sphere. The combined measurement set is designed to quantify atmosphere escape rates and provide input to models of the evolution of the martian atmosphere. The NGIMS is designed to measure both surface reactive and inert neutral species and ambient ions along the space- craft track over the 125-500 km altitude region utilizing a dual ion source and a quadrupole analyzer.

/pdf/the-neutral-gas-and-ion-mass-spectrometer-on-the-mars-5e76tm1l09.pdf

The Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer on the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission

Accurate values of the electron-impact ionization cross sections for the rare gases are needed in a variety of contexts. However, despite numerous investigations over many decades, uncertainty as to the correct values has persisted. The pioneering total-cross-section measurements of Rapp and Englander-Golden are generally regarded as the most reliable but no comprehensive study has independently verified their correctness. In this paper, measurements of electron-impact ionization cross sections of helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon are reported for energies ranging from the first ionization threshold to 1000 eV. These data confirm the essential correctness of Rapp and Englander-Golden's total measurements and at the same time provide a complete set of consistent absolute partial cross sections.

Determination of the absolute partial and total cross sections for electron-impact ionization of the rare gases

First data from NASA's Interstellar Boundary EXplorer (IBEX) mission show a striking ribbon feature of enhanced energetic neutral atom (ENA) emission. The enhancement in flux is between 2 and 3 times greater than adjacent regions of the sky. Yet the spectral index of ENAs appears to be the same both inside and outside the ribbon. While the ribbon itself was not predicted by any models of the heliospheric interface, its geometry appears to be related to the predicted interstellar magnetic field (ISMF) outside the heliopause (HP). In this Letter, we examine a process of ENA emission from the outer heliosheath, based on a source population of non-isotropic pick-up ions that themselves originate as ENAs from inside the HP. We find that our simplistic approach yields a ribbon of enhanced ENA fluxes as viewed from the inner heliosphere with a spatial location and ENA flux similar to the IBEX measurements, with the provision that the ions retain a partial shell distribution long enough for the ions to be neutralized. As a corollary, our idealized simulation of this mechanism suggests that ISMF is likely oriented close to the center of the observed ribbon.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2041-8205/708/2/L126/pdf

PICK-UP IONS IN THE OUTER HELIOSHEATH: A POSSIBLE MECHANISM FOR THE INTERSTELLAR BOUNDARY EXplorer RIBBON

Energetic neutral atom (ENA) detectors have been successfully flown on missions such as the Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE) and are now an important tool for probing the geospace environment. Interpretation of ENA data, however, requires knowledge of a number of key charge transfer cross sections. Here we present a critical review of the published experimental measurements and recommend a set of parameterized cross sections. The processes considered are charge transfer of H + and O + with H, O, N 2 , and O 2 for collision energies from 10 eV to 100 keV. The limitations of the measurement techniques and the probable reliability of the recommended cross sections are addressed.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2005JA011298

Charge transfer cross sections for energetic neutral atom data analysis

Absolute partial and total cross sections for electron-impact ionization of methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol are reported for electron energies from threshold to 1000 eV. The product ions are mass analyzed using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer and detected with a position-sensitive detector whose output demonstrates that all product ion species are collected with equal efficiency irrespective of their initial kinetic energies. The total cross section for each target is obtained as the sum of the partial cross sections. The overall uncertainty in most of the absolute cross sections is ±6%–8%. Significant discrepancies are seen between the only prior methanol partial cross section determination and this study but the majority of published total cross section measurements and calculations are in good agreement with this work.

Electron-impact ionization of the simple alcohols

Absolute partial cross sections for electron-impact ionization of CO are reported for electron energies from threshold to 1000 eV. The product ions are mass analysed using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer and detected with a position-sensitive detector whose output unequivocally demonstrates that the various product ions are collected with equal efficiency irrespective of their initial kinetic energies. Data are presented for the production of CO+, C+, O+ and CO2+, and for the total cross section which is obtained as the sum of these partial cross sections. The overall uncertainty in the absolute cross section values is ±5% for singly charged parent ions and ±6% for fragment ions. Comparison is made with prior experiments and calculations.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0953-4075/33/17/305/pdf

Absolute partial cross sections for electron-impact ionization of CO from threshold to 1000 eV

Electron impact ionization of molecules has been studied extensively in many laboratories and it is perhaps surprising therefore that uncertainty in the values of many cross sections has persisted. In an effort to rectify this situation absolute partial and total electron-impact ionization cross sections have been measured in this laboratory for a range of molecular targets, including H2, N2, O2, CO, NO, CO2, CH4, and SF6. These total cross sections for these molecules are compared here to those measured by Rapp and Englander-Golden, which have long been widely adopted as the de facto standard. The excellent agreement observed between these two independent data sets would seem to warrant a high level of confidence in them, and in the corresponding partial cross sections determined in this laboratory.

/pdf/comment-on-the-accuracy-of-absolute-electron-impact-21sj2bfhr2.pdf

R. F. Stebbings

Papers

Charge transfer cross sections for energetic neutral atom data analysis

Determination of the absolute partial and total cross sections for electron-impact ionization of the rare gases

Electron-impact ionization of the simple alcohols

Absolute partial cross sections for electron-impact ionization of CO from threshold to 1000 eV

Comment on the accuracy of absolute electron-impact ionization cross sections for molecules