Abbreviations: a - gas-liquid interfacial area based on aerated liquid volume (L )1 ); K - mass transfer coefficient (L t )1 ); kL - gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient (L t )1 ); kLa - overall volumetric gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient (t )1 ); a - ratio of kLa in process water to clean water; a kLa - characteristic of the aeration capacity (t )1 ); g - viscosity (L )1 Mt )1 ); Unit dimensions: L - length; M - mass; t - time Abstract Membrane bioreactor (MBR) is a promising alternative to conventional wastewater treatment methods However this process is still under-used due to its high running costs Its main power requirement comes from aeration, which is used to supply dissolved oxygen to the micro-organisms and to maintain the solids in suspension In addition, in submerged MBRs, aeration is used for membrane cleaning A complex matrix links the biomass characteristics, the aeration and the oxygen transfer These parameters can impact on each other and/or delete one another effect In order to understand the phenomena occurring in MBRs, similar aerobic biological processes, such as fermentation, mineral industry and slurry, were investigated This review discusses the interrelations of the biomass characteristics (solids concentration, particle size and viscosity), the aeration intensity and the oxygen transfer in MBRs

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Biomass Characteristics, Aeration and Oxygen Transfer in Membrane Bioreactors: Their Interrelations Explained by a Review of Aerobic Biological Processes

Czochralski growth of bulk crystals of Ge1-xSix alloys

Segregation during the seeding process in the Czochralski growth of GeSi alloys

Revue bibliographique de 102 references sur les proprietes de fibres de verre, carbone, aramide, fibres haut module et hybrides, des matrices thermoplastiques ou thermodurcissable, mise en œuvre, proprietes de plastiques renforces avec etude de l'influence du diametre, de la longueur, du volume, de l'orientation des fibres, des especes vides, et des phenomenes a l'interface fibre-matrice

High Performance Fiber Composites with Special Emphasis on the Interface A Review of the Literature

Single crystal growth of Ge1−xSix alloys with Si composition ranging from 2 to 15 at. %. using the traveling solvent method (TSM) is presented. The growths were carried out using Ge 〈111〉 seeds or a self-seeding method. Electron microprobe, Laue x-ray, and Hall effect techniques were used to characterize the quality of the materials. The standard deviations associated with the composition profiles along and transverse to the growth direction were less than 0.4 and 0.3 at. %, respectively. A change in conductivity from n to p type in the TSM samples was observed at a Si composition <5 at. %.

R. L. Carriere

Papers

The effect of fibre diameter on the strength of composite materials