Photoinduced reactivity of titanium dioxide

The lithium metal battery is strongly considered to be one of the most promising candidates for high-energy-density energy storage devices in our modern and technology-based society. However, uncontrollable lithium dendrite growth induces poor cycling efficiency and severe safety concerns, dragging lithium metal batteries out of practical applications. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the lithium metal anode and its dendritic lithium growth. First, the working principles and technical challenges of a lithium metal anode are underscored. Specific attention is paid to the mechanistic understandings and quantitative models for solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, lithium dendrite nucleation, and growth. On the basis of previous theoretical understanding and analysis, recently proposed strategies to suppress dendrite growth of lithium metal anode and some other metal anodes are reviewed. A section dedicated to the potential of full-cell lithium metal batteries for practical applicatio...

Toward Safe Lithium Metal Anode in Rechargeable Batteries: A Review.

Energy-storage technologies, including electrical double-layer capacitors and rechargeable batteries, have attracted significant attention for applications in portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, bulk electricity storage at power stations, and “load leveling” of renewable sources, such as solar energy and wind power. Transforming lithium batteries and electric double-layer capacitors requires a step change in the science underpinning these devices, including the discovery of new materials, new electrochemistry, and an increased understanding of the processes on which the devices depend. The Review will consider some of the current scientific issues underpinning lithium batteries and electric double-layer capacitors.

Challenges Facing Lithium Batteries and Electrical Double‐Layer Capacitors

In this review the phenomenon of proton conductivity in materials and the elements of proton conduction mechanismsproton transfer, structural reorganization and diffusional motion of extended moietiesare discussed with special emphasis on proton chemistry. This is characterized by a strong proton localization within the valence electron density of electronegative species (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen) and self-localization effects due to solvent interactions which allows for significant proton diffusivities only when assisted by the dynamics of the proton environment in Grotthuss and vehicle type mechanisms. In systems with high proton density, proton/proton interactions lead to proton ordering below first-order phase transition rather than to coherent proton transfers along extended hydrogen-bond chains as is frequently suggested in textbooks of physical chemistry. There is no indication for significant proton tunneling in fast proton conduction phenomena for which almost barrierless proton transfer is suggest...

Proton Conductivity: Materials and Applications

Rechargeable Li–S batteries have received ever-increasing attention recently due to their high theoretical specific energy density, which is 3 to 5 times higher than that of Li ion batteries based on intercalation reactions. Li–S batteries may represent a next-generation energy storage system, particularly for large scale applications. The obstacles to realize this high energy density mainly include high internal resistance, self-discharge and rapid capacity fading on cycling. These challenges can be met to a large degree by designing novel sulfur electrodes with “smart” nanostructures. This highlight provides an overview of major developments of positive electrodes based on this concept.

Advances in Li–S batteries

Structure determination of AgPO3 and (AgPO3)0.5(AgI)0.5 glasses by neutron diffraction and small angle neutron scattering

Quasielastic and inelastic neutron scattering from AgPO3−AgI glass

The adsorption isotherms of polyacrylic acid on alumina were determined in aqueous solutions, and the influence of pH and calcium ions investigated. In alkaline media, PAA adsorption strongly depends on the calcium concentration, and isotherms exhibit a particular shape; in acidic media only a slight influence of calcium ions was found. We observed that the adsorption reaches a maximum when PAA is fully complexed in the solution (0.35 Ca2+ per monomer unit). Due to electrostatic effects, the complexation ratio is slightly higher in the adsorption layer than in the bulk of the solution. The decrease in the adsorption isotherm as PAA increases, at constant calcium concentration, is due to a decrease in the complexation ratio. This explanation also holds for the dependence of the adsorption isotherms on the solid content. When using electrochemical equilibria for the interactions between the surface, the polymer, and calcium ions, calculated values of the adsorbed amounts parallel the experimental results.

Effect of Calcium Ions on the Adsorption of Polyacrylic Acid onto Alumina

Single crystals and polycrystalline samples of β‐alumina containing hydrated proton H+(H2O)n have been studied by infrared and, to some extent, by Raman spectroscopy. The spectra of fully hydrated and more of less deyhdrated samples and their deuterated derivatives have been compared to those of Na+ β‐alumina and of mixed crystals with different M+/H+ ratios (M=Na, K, Ag). It can be shown that the samples heated above 400 °C contain H3O+ ions occupying Beevers–Ross sites as dominant species; midoxygen sites with single and double occupancy are less populated. The spectroscopic data are consistent with nearly nonhydrogen‐bonded H3O+ ions having a slightly distorted C3v pyramidal structure. The fully hydrated β‐alumina, on the other hand, appears to contain also higher species such as H5O2+ and H7O3+. The former is believed to have an unsymmetrical structure, H3O+H2O, with terminal groups hydrogen bonded to the oxygen atoms of spinel blocks. The latter is characterized by OH stretching bands similar to thos...

Vibrational spectra and structure of H+(H2O)nβ‐ alumina

Correlation between structural and electrical properties in (1-x) AgPO3·xMX2 glasses (M = Pb2+, Hg2+; X = I-, Br-, Cl-) from Raman spectroscopy and ionic conductivity measurements

R. Mercier

Papers

Structure determination of AgPO3 and (AgPO3)0.5(AgI)0.5 glasses by neutron diffraction and small angle neutron scattering

Quasielastic and inelastic neutron scattering from AgPO3−AgI glass

Effect of Calcium Ions on the Adsorption of Polyacrylic Acid onto Alumina

Vibrational spectra and structure of H+(H2O)nβ‐ alumina

Correlation between structural and electrical properties in (1-x) AgPO3·xMX2 glasses (M = Pb2+, Hg2+; X = I-, Br-, Cl-) from Raman spectroscopy and ionic conductivity measurements