Global optimization techniques, such as dynamic programming, serve mainly to evaluate the potential fuel economy of a given powertrain configuration. Unless the future driving conditions can be predicted during real-time operation but the results obtained using this noncausal approach establish a benchmark for evaluating the optimality of realizable control strategies. Real-time controllers must be simple in order to be implementable with limited computation and memory resources. Moreover, manual tuning of control parameters should be avoided. This article has analyzed two approaches, namely, feedback controllers and ECMS. Both of these approaches can lead to system behavior that is close to optimal, with feedback controllers based on dynamic programming. Additional challenges stem from the need to apply optimal energy-management controllers to advanced HEV architectures, such as combined and plug-in HEVs, as well as to optimization problems that include performance indices in addition to fuel economy, such as pollutant emissions, driveability, and thermal comfort

Control of hybrid electric vehicles

In the near future, a significant increase in electric power consumption in vehicles is expected. To limit the associated increase in fuel consumption and exhaust emissions, smart strategies for the generation, storage/retrieval, distribution, and consumption of electric power will be used. Inspired by the research on energy management for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), this paper presents an extensive study on controlling the vehicular electric power system to reduce the fuel use and emissions, by generating and storing electrical energy only at the most suitable moments. For this purpose, both off-line optimization methods using knowledge of the driving pattern and on-line implementable ones are developed and tested in a simulation environment. Results show a reduction in fuel use of 2%, even without a prediction of the driving cycle being used. Simultaneously, even larger reductions of the emissions are obtained. The strategies can also be applied to a mild HEV with an integrated starter alternator (ISA), without modifications, or to other types of HEVs with slight changes in the formulation.

http://www.mate.tue.nl/mate/pdfs/5064.pdf

Energy management strategies for vehicular electric power systems

The highest control layer of a (hybrid) vehicular drive train is termed the Energy Management Strategy (EMS). In this paper an overview of different control methods is given and a new rule-based EMS is introduced, based on the combination of Rule-Based and Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategies (RB-ECMS). The RB-ECMS uses only one decision variable and requires no tuning of many threshold control values and parameters. This decision variable represents the maximum propulsion power of the secondary power source (i.e. electric machine/battery) during pure electric driving. The RB-ECMS is compared with the strategy based on Dynamic Programming (DP), which is inherently optimal for a given cycle. The RB-ECMS proposed in this paper requires significantly less computation time with a similar result to DP (within 1% accuracy).

http://www.mate.tue.nl/mate/pdfs/7654.pdf

Rule-based energy management strategies for hybrid vehicles

Amongst the various methods that can be developed for noninvasive monitoring of gene expression in vivo, the use of positron emission tomography (PET) appears to be the most promising both for preclinical and clinical studies. Various genes have been described as potential PET reporters, but there is a need to develop new approaches that exploit transgenes with both therapeutic and imaging potential. The Na/I symporter (NIS) gene is expressed mainly in the thyroid and is responsible for iodide accumulation in this organ. The NIS gene has been used in gene therapy experimentation. Ectopic expression of this gene in various type of malignant cells has led to radiosensitization and in some cases tumor regression in xenograft models in nude mice, highlighting the therapeutic potential of this approach. In the present study, we demonstrate the potential of the human NIS gene (hNIS) as a reporter gene. Expression of hNIS, after plasmid transfection or adenoviral gene delivery, can be monitored in vitro on incub...

Adenovirus biodistribution and noninvasive imaging of gene expression in vivo by positron emission tomography using human sodium/iodide symporter as reporter gene.

The development of anticancer therapies that target the angiogenic process is an area of major growth in oncology A method of noninvasively measuring tumor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in vivo could provide important efficacy information for VEGF-dependent antiangiogenic agents and the role of VEGF in cancer biology We have developed a novel radiotracer for use with positron emission tomography (PET) that enables noninvasive imaging of VEGF This radiotracer comprises an IgG1 monoclonal antibody, known as VG76e, that binds to human VEGF, labeled with a positron-emitting radionuclide, iodine-124 ([(124)I]-SHPP-VG76e) Three radiolabeling strategies were evaluated to synthesize the radiotracer with optimal radiochemical yield, purity, and immunoreactivity To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and VEGF-specific localization of [(124)I]-SHPP-VG76e, two subclones of the HT1080 human fibrosarcoma selected on the basis of differing VEGF production (266 and 1/3C, the former producing 2-4-fold more in vitro) were established in culture and grown as solid tumor xenografts in immune-deficient mice A single iv injection of the radiotracer into tumor-bearing mice revealed a time dependent and specific localization of [(125)I]-SHPP-VG76e to the tumor tissue Three validation studies established the VEGF specificity and potential for use of [(124)I]-SHPP-VG76e in vivo: (a) uptake of [(125)I]-SHPP-VG76e was 18-fold higher in HT1080-266 compared with HT1080-1/3C tumors (P 005) Other than tumor localization, [(125)I]-SHPP-VG76e was present in urine and blood and to a lesser extent in heart, lungs, liver, kidney, and spleen Whole-animal PET imaging studies revealed a high tumor-to-background contrast and also revealed [(124)I]-SHPP-VG76e distributions in the major organs These studies support further development of [(124)I]-SHPP-VG76e as a radiotracer for measuring tumor levels of VEGF in humans

https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/62/20/5912.full.pdf

The development of [(124)I]iodinated-VG76e: a novel tracer for imaging vascular endothelial growth factor in vivo using positron emission tomography.

A new approach to target chemistry for the iodine-123 production via the 124Te(p, 2n) reaction.

The electric power demand in road vehicles increases rapidly and to supply all electric loads efficiently, energy management (EM) turns out to be a necessity. In general, EM exploits the storage capacity of a buffer connected to the vehicle's power net, such that energy is stored or retrieved at moments that the production of electric power is relative cheap or expensive, respectively. This paper adds an extra degree of freedom, by considering electric loads with a flexible power demand. A strategy based on optimization techniques as well as a rule-based strategy are developed. Simulations illustrate the benefits of applying these flexible loads, as they offer more freedom for EM and moreover, reduce the activity of the storage buffer significantly

/pdf/energy-management-for-vehicle-power-net-with-flexible-ednxxveif3.pdf

Energy management for vehicle power net with flexible electric load demand

In the near future a significant increase in electric power consumption in vehicles is to be expected. To limit the associated increase in fuel consumption and exhaust emissions, smart strategies for the generation, storage/retrieval, distribution, and consumption of the electric power can be used. This paper presents a case study on controlling the vehicle power net using knowledge of the driving pattern to minimize fuel use, by generating and storing extra energy only at the most suitable moments. For this purpose, both off-line and online optimization methods are developed and tested in a simulation environment. Results show a reduction in fuel use, even without an accurate prediction of the drive cycle.

/pdf/energy-management-strategies-for-vehicle-power-nets-4t5unn2bh2.pdf

R.P.J. van den Bosch

Papers

A new approach to target chemistry for the iodine-123 production via the 124Te(p, 2n) reaction.

Energy management for vehicle power net with flexible electric load demand

Energy management strategies for vehicle power nets