We present the science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems, targeting an evolution in technology, that might lead to impacts and benefits reaching into most areas of society. This roadmap was developed within the framework of the European Graphene Flagship and outlines the main targets and research areas as best understood at the start of this ambitious project. We provide an overview of the key aspects of graphene and related materials (GRMs), ranging from fundamental research challenges to a variety of applications in a large number of sectors, highlighting the steps necessary to take GRMs from a state of raw potential to a point where they might revolutionize multiple industries. We also define an extensive list of acronyms in an effort to standardize the nomenclature in this emerging field.

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Science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/323323.pdf

Production and processing of graphene and 2d crystals

Solid-state batteries have been attracting wide attention for next generation energy storage devices due to the probability to realize higher energy density and superior safety performance compared with the state-of-the-art lithium ion batteries. However, there are still intimidating challenges for developing low cost and industrially scalable solid-state batteries with high energy density and stable cycling life for large-scale energy storage and electric vehicle applications. This review presents an overview on the scientific challenges, fundamental mechanisms, and design strategies for solid-state batteries, specifically focusing on the stability issues of solid-state electrolytes and the associated interfaces with both cathode and anode electrodes. First, we give a brief overview on the history of solid-state battery technologies, followed by introduction and discussion on different types of solid-state electrolytes. Then, the associated stability issues, from phenomena to fundamental understandings, are intensively discussed, including chemical, electrochemical, mechanical, and thermal stability issues; effective optimization strategies are also summarized. State-of-the-art characterization techniques and in situ and operando measurement methods deployed and developed to study the aforementioned issues are summarized as well. Following the obtained insights, perspectives are given in the end on how to design practically accessible solid-state batteries in the future.

Approaching Practically Accessible Solid-State Batteries: Stability Issues Related to Solid Electrolytes and Interfaces

Surface composition analysis by low-energy ion scattering

Surface science aspects of etching reactions

Electron beam-physical vapor-deposited thermal barrier coatings (TBC) are susceptible to damage due to environmental contaminants such as calcium—magnesium—aluminum—silicon oxide systems (CMAS). This paper discusses various approaches of modifying TBC for enhanced protection against CMAS attack. Methodologies were explored with various coating systems maintaining functionality as nonwetting, sacrificial, and impervious to CMAS attack. In the brief isothermal (1260°C/10 min) tests, a nearly crack-free and reglazed Pd coating provided substantial protection from the CMAS attack. Approaches that provided some minor improvements need further optimization to better assess their viability.

CMAS-Resistant Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBC)

To allow for increased gas turbine efficiencies, new insulating thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) must be developed to protect the underlying metallic components from higher operating temperatures. This work focused on using rare earth doped (Yb and Gd) yttria stabilized zirconia (t' Low-k) and Gd2Zr2O7 pyrochlores (GZO) combined with novel nanolayered and thick layered microstructures to enable operation beyond the 1200 C stability limit of current 7 wt% yttria stabilized zirconia (7YSZ) coatings. It was observed that the layered system can reduce the thermal conductivity by approximately 45 percent with respect to YSZ after 20 hr of testing at 1316 C. The erosion rate of GZO is shown to be an order to magnitude higher than YSZ and t' Low-k, but this can be reduced by almost 57 percent when utilizing a nanolayered structure. Lastly, the thermal instability of the layered system is investigated and thought is given to optimization of layer thickness.

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Multilayer Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC) Architectures Utilizing Rare Earth Doped YSZ and Rare Earth Pyrochlores

Positive Charge Fractions of H, D, and He Backscattered from Solid Surfaces

The primary reason for thermal fatigue cracking in die casting is the thermal load and its cycling during the operation. Conventional single and multiplayer coatings have been found to at best equal the thermal fatigue lives of hot working steels used for die casting dies. This paper presents a new approach to fatigue resistance that uses a three-layer coating architecture to reduce the heat transfer and chemical diffusion to the die steel substrate. In this, the outer layer consists of a thermal barrier coating of rare-earth oxide, the middle layer a TiAlN diffusion barrier coating and the inner layer a thin adhesive Ti layer. Thermal cycling tests in liquid aluminum up to 4000 cycles using this architecture and conventional commercial multi-layer PVD coatings confirm that the new coating significantly improves the thermal fatigue resistance of the substrate. � 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

R. S. Bhattacharya

Papers

CMAS-Resistant Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBC)

Multilayer Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC) Architectures Utilizing Rare Earth Doped YSZ and Rare Earth Pyrochlores

Positive Charge Fractions of H, D, and He Backscattered from Solid Surfaces

A multilayer coating architecture to reduce heat checking of die surfaces

Negative hydrogen ion formation by backscattering from solid surfaces