Salmonella is one of the most extensively characterized bacterial pathogens and is a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis. Despite this, we are only just beginning to understand at a molecular level how Salmonella interacts with its mammalian hosts to cause disease. Studies during the past decade on the genetic basis of virulence of Salmonella have significantly advanced our understanding of the molecular basis of the host-pathogen interaction, yet many questions remain. In this review, we focus on the interaction of enterocolitis-causing salmonellae with the intestinal mucosa, since this is the initiating step for most infections caused by Salmonella. Animal and in vitro cell culture models for the interaction of these bacteria with the intestinal epithelium are reviewed, along with the bacterial genes that are thought to affect this interaction. Lastly, recent studies on the response of epithelial cells to Salmonella infection and how this might promote diarrhea are discussed.

https://cmr.asm.org/content/cmr/12/3/405.full.pdf

Molecular basis of the interaction of Salmonella with the intestinal mucosa.

Fungi are an understudied, biotechnologically valuable group of organisms. Due to 
the immense range of habitats that fungi inhabit, and the consequent need to compete against a diverse array of other fungi, bacteria, and animals, fungi have developed numerous survival mechanisms. The unique attributes of fungi thus herald great promise for their application in biotechnology and industry. Moreover, fungi can be grown with relative ease, making production at scale viable. The search for fungal biodiversity, and the construction of a living fungi collection, both have incredible economic potential in locating organisms with novel industrial uses that will lead to novel products. This manuscript reviews fifty ways in which fungi can potentially be utilized as biotechnology. We provide notes and examples for each potential exploitation and give examples from our own work and the work of other notable researchers. We also provide a flow chart that can be used to convince funding bodies of the importance of fungi for biotechnological research and as potential products. Fungi have provided the world with penicillin, lovastatin, and other globally significant medicines, and they remain an untapped resource with enormous industrial potential.

The amazing potential of fungi: 50 ways we can exploit fungi industrially

https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1072&context=bmepubs

Free radicals and the etiology of colon cancer

https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1082&context=bmepubs

Oxygen radicals in ulcerative colitis.

Due to alarming increase in population and rapid industrialization, drinking water quality is being deteriorated day by day in Pakistan. This review sums up the outcomes of various research studies conducted for drinking water quality status of different areas of Pakistan by taking into account the physicochemical properties of drinking water as well as the presence of various pathogenic microorganisms. About 20% of the whole population of Pakistan has access to safe drinking water. The remaining 80% of population is forced to use unsafe drinking water due to the scarcity of safe and healthy drinking water sources. The primary source of contamination is sewerage (fecal) which is extensively discharged into drinking water system supplies. Secondary source of pollution is the disposal of toxic chemicals from industrial effluents, pesticides, and fertilizers from agriculture sources into the water bodies. Anthropogenic activities cause waterborne diseases that constitute about 80% of all diseases and are responsible for 33% of deaths. This review highlights the drinking water quality, contamination sources, sanitation situation, and effects of unsafe drinking water on humans. There is immediate need to take protective measures and treatment technologies to overcome unhygienic condition of drinking water supplies in different areas of Pakistan.

/pdf/drinking-water-quality-status-and-contamination-in-pakistan-824qm0c2se.pdf

Drinking Water Quality Status and Contamination in Pakistan.

SO far from being a text-book on general microbiology, as the title seems to imply, more than half this book is devoted to the medical aspects of the subject, little space being assigned to fermentation, soil microbiology and nitrification, micro-organisms in industry, and the like. A Textbook of Microbiology By Prof. Kenneth L. Burdon. Second edition of “A Textbook of Bacteriology”. Pp. xv + 638. (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1939.) 14s. net.

/pdf/a-textbook-of-microbiology-itnygv9tpk.pdf

R. T. Hewlett

Papers

A Textbook of Microbiology