Benzotriazole: An overview on its versatile biological behavior

The extensively clinical use of triazole-based medicinal drugs has been promoting increasing effort to develop new structural triazole derivatives. Benzotriazoles as fused aromatic nitrogen heterocycles of benzene ring with triazole exhibit wide potentialities in medicinal chemistry since some anticancer benzotriazole compounds like vorozole and 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzotriazole (TBB) were used in clinical therapy. The benzotriazole related investigations are becoming increasingly active. On the basis of authors’ researches and other literature in recent five years, this work for the first time gave a comprehensive review on the latest and outstanding developments of benzotriazole compounds in medicinal chemistry, including as anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial, antitubercular, antiviral, antioxidative, antiparasitic, antioxidative agents and so on. Hopefully, this contribution will be helpful to develop benzotriazole-based drugs with high bioactivity and low toxicity.

/pdf/recent-development-of-benzotriazole-based-medicinal-drugs-56yof2xe55.pdf

Recent Development of Benzotriazole-based Medicinal Drugs

Chromatographic analysis of biomolecules with pressurized carbon dioxide mobile phases - A review.

d-mannitol is a sweet-tasting hexitol widely distributed in nature, and is found in olive trees, plane trees, fruits, and vegetables. However, production of mannitol and mannose by extraction of plant raw materials is no longer economical. Selective oxidation of d-mannitol gives d-mannose. Oxidation kinetics of d-mannitol by Ce(IV) in an aqueous medium in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) has been carried out to observe the micellar effect on rate. The oxidation kinetics was studied by UV–Vis spectrophotometry. Five different metal ions Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(II), Cu(II), and Ag(I) are used. Both Cr(III) and Mn(II) are active catalysts for the d-mannitol oxidation in the presence and absence of anionic surfactants. The substrate undergoes effective collision with the expected positive reactive species Ce(SO4)2+ resulting enhancement of rate. The presence of SDS surfactant was found to accelerate the reaction rate and this effect has been explained by the partitioning of the reactants in micelle. The effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on rate also indicate that Ce(SO4)2+ was the main reactive form of cerium(IV). The main product d-mannose was identified by the FTIR spectroscopy and spot test. The combination of Mn(II) and SDS is the most suitable combination for the conversion of d-mannitol to d
 -mannose.

Rate enhancement via sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) encapsulation of metal-mediated cerium(IV) oxidation of d -mannitol to d -mannose at room temperature and pressure: a kinetic and mechanistic approach

The chemistry of benzotriazole derivatives

Evaluation of in vitro anthelmintic activities of novel 1,2,3 – benzotriazole derivatives synthesized in ultrasonic and solvent free conditions

In the oxidation of D-sorbitol and D-mannitol by potassium periodate in alkaline media, substrate inhibition was observed with both substrates, i.e., a decrease in the rate of the reaction was observed with an increase in the concentration of substrate. The substrate inhibition was attributed to the formation of stable complex between the substrate and periodate. The reactions were found to be first order in case of periodate and a positive fractional order with hydroxide ions. Arrhenius parameters were calculated for the oxidation of sorbitol and mannitol by potassium periodate in alkali media.

/pdf/substrate-inhibition-oxidation-of-d-sorbitol-and-d-mannitol-1zjvyqzjno.pdf

Substrate inhibition: Oxidation of D-sorbitol and D-mannitol by potassium periodate in alkaline medium

Effect of added chloride ions on kinetics and pathway of reaction between cyclic ketones (five to eight membered rings) and dichloroisocyanuric acid (DCICA) was studied in aqueous acetic acid—perchloric acid medium. Formation of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids as the end products demonstrates the ring cleavage oxidation. Positive effect of acid and negative effect of dielectric constant on the reaction rate reveals a interaction between positive ion (oxidant in the form of H2OCl+) and dipolar substrate molecule. Zero and first orders by oxidant in absence and presence of added chloride ions illustrates the participation of substrate as enolic form of ketone and protonated ketone, respectively, in the rate determining steps. The observed order of reactivity of cyclic ketones (cyclohexanone > cyclooctanone > cyclopentanone > cycloheptanone) was explained on the bases of ring strain, change of hybridization and conformational considerations. The envisaged plausible mechanism based on order of reactants in presence and absence of added chloride ions was substantiated by the order of Arrhenius parameters.

Role of added chloride ions in alteration of reaction pathway in the oxidation of cyclic ketones by dichloroisocyanuric acid—A kinetic study

In the present study, supercritical fluid (carbon dioxide) chromatographic methods were developed and validated for the quantitative assay determination of two cancer therapeutic substances, fulvestrant and azacitidine, using a UPC2 system. Fulvestrant was separated from six potential impurities, while impurities of azacitidine were separated using a 150 mm × 4.6 mm, I.D., a chiral column and 5 μm, particle size. Both drugs were analysed simultaneously in a single sequence using multiple channels in the system and respective methods. These new methods were validated for their intended purpose in accordance with the current ICH guidelines. The method exhibited excellent intra- and inter-day precision. A precision with RSD 1% and 1.6% was achieved for fulvestrant and azacitidine, respectively. A linear relationship r2 > 0.999 was achieved between the concentration and detector response over a range of 25–150% of the target concentrations for both compounds. The two compounds were well quantified from their unspecified impurities obtained from stress studies. The method can be employed for routine quality control testing and stability analysis.

/pdf/supercritical-fluid-co2-chromatography-for-quantitative-4jl557ss4n.pdf

R. Venkata Nadh

Papers

Evaluation of in vitro anthelmintic activities of novel 1,2,3 – benzotriazole derivatives synthesized in ultrasonic and solvent free conditions

Substrate inhibition: Oxidation of D-sorbitol and D-mannitol by potassium periodate in alkaline medium

Role of added chloride ions in alteration of reaction pathway in the oxidation of cyclic ketones by dichloroisocyanuric acid—A kinetic study

Supercritical fluid (CO2) chromatography for quantitative determination of selected cancer therapeutic drugs in the presence of potential impurities