After a brief survey of metabolic pathways and nutrient fluxes involved in mammary lipogenesis, this review summarises the known effects of diet on ruminant milk fat composition. Special attention is given to fatty acids that could play a positive role for human health, such as butyric acid, oleic acid, C18 to C22 polyunsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). The efficiency of the transfer of C18:2, C18:3, C20:5, C22:5 and C22:6, from the duodenum to the milk, is reviewed. The main dietary factors taken into account are the nature of forages, including pasture, and the supplementation of dairy rations with protected or unprotected vegetable or fish oils. Dose-response curves of milk CLA are reviewed for different fat supplements, as well as the non-linear relationship between milk CLA and trans C18:1. The potential of dietary factors to increase the mean CLA content in cow milk fat is about 300% above basal values. There is, however, a need to evaluate how the different feeding strategies could change the other aspects of milk fat quality.

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Ruminant milk fat plasticity: nutritional control of saturated, polyunsaturated, trans and conjugated fatty acids

http://webpages.icav.up.pt/PTDC/CVT/098487/2008/Vlaeminck,%202006.pdf

Factors affecting odd- and branched-chain fatty acids in milk: A review

Glucosinolates in animal nutrition: A review

Nutritional Factors Influencing the Nitrogen Composition of Bovine Milk: A Review

The glucosinolates are a large group of sulphur-containing compounds which occur in all the economically important varieties of Brassica vegetable. Their common structure comprises a β-D-thioglucose group, a sulphonated oxime moiety and a variable side-chain derived from methionine, tryptophan or phenylalanine. When the plant tissue is damaged the glucosinolates are hydrolysed by the endogenous enzyme ‘myrosinase’ (thioglucoside glycohydrolase EC 3:2:3:1), to release a range of breakdown products including the bitter, biologically active isothiocyanates. Although these compounds exert antinutritional effects in animals there is also substantial evidence that they are the principal source of anticarcinogenic activity in Brassica vegetables, and this provides a strong motive for the manipulation of glucosinolate levels in vegetables for human consumption. This review provides an overview of the evidence for a beneficial role for glucosinolates in human health, and describes the current state of knowledge regarding the genetics and biosynthesis of glucosinolates, their chemical analysis, their behaviour during cooking and processing, and their bioavailability to humans. As the genetic basis of glucosinolate biosynthesis becomes more apparent, and tools for marker-assisted plant breeding become more available, the selective breeding of horticultural brassicas with different levels and types of glucosinolates, whether by conventional means or genetic manipulation, is becoming a practical possibility. However before this strategy becomes commercially viable, the health benefits of glucosinolates for human beings must be unequivocally established.

© 2000 Society of Chemical Industry

The nutritional significance, biosynthesis and bioavailability of glucosinolates in human foods

Senstitive multi-residue method for detection of anabolics in urine and in tissues of slaughtered animals

Propionate for Fatty Acid Synthesis by the Mammary Gland of the Lactating Goat

Metabolism of stearate-l-C14 in the isolated cow's udder

An electromagnetic method was adapted to quantitatively measure blood flow through an external pudic artery of the udder in lactating cows during several months. Blood flow through the ipsilateral external pudic vein was blocked while blood was taken from a subcutaneous abdominal vein. Blood flow to milk yield ratio amounted to a mean value of 507:1 in three cows. Peak milk yield occurred before the time of our experiments. There was a high correlation (r = .73) between mammary arterial blood flow and milk yield. Arterio-venous differences (AV) across the udder demonstrated that essential amino acids (EAA) were taken up by the mammary gland in sufficient amounts to account for the EAA secreted as milk protein. Uptake of valine, isoleucine, lysine and particularly that of arginine was in excess of that for milk protein synthesis. There was a highly significant correlation (P<.01) between AV differences of several amino acids and their corresponding arterial concentrations. Uptake of glucose was

R. Verbeke

Papers

Senstitive multi-residue method for detection of anabolics in urine and in tissues of slaughtered animals

Propionate for Fatty Acid Synthesis by the Mammary Gland of the Lactating Goat

Metabolism of stearate-l-C14 in the isolated cow's udder

Electromagnetic blood flow recording and balance of nutrients in the udder of lactating cows.

Detection of antithyroid residues in meat and some organs of slaughtered animals.