Governments across the world have plans for a deep penetration of electric vehicles in the near future, for the transportation sector. This will require robust communications between the entities of the charging infrastructure, viz., the grid, aggregators, controllers, charging stations (CSs) and the electric vehicles (EVs). For analyzing the vehicle-to-grid and grid-to-vehicle infrastructure, it is important to model the electrical as well as the communication network together. This will help in determining the influences of the communication network in the operation of the controller and grid. In this paper, a distribution system with five CSs and sampled data transmission between the entities are modeled and simulated in MATLAB Simulink for understanding the potential impact of the networked communication system on the grid operation. A fuzzy-logic controller (FLC) is used in the model. The performance of the FLC in terms of root mean square values is found to improve when the inputs (node voltage and total energy available in CSs) are synchronized at faster sampling rates. Furthermore, it is shown that the performance of the FLC can be improved by bringing about changes in it (increasing the number of membership functions) and not merely synchronizing at a faster sampling rate.

Impact of Sampling in the Operation of Vehicle to Grid and Its Mitigation

With a shift toward increasing usage of electric vehicles (EVs) for mobility, the demand for power from the electric grid to recharge EVs is imminent to increase. Vehicle to grid (V2G) is an emerging technique used to integrate EVs with electric grid for meeting this demand and mitigating the impact of EV recharging on the grid. V2G use an extensive communication network to exchange data between various entities, including the grid, charging station (CSs), and the EVs. There are possibilities of errors in the data communicated between entities of the V2G system. These errors, if not addressed properly, would create unwanted disturbances in the electric grid. The V2G controller plays a significant role in the integration of EVs to the grid. It does so by deciding the right amount of power to be exchanged between them based on the inputs communicated by the grid and the CSs. Hence, this article proposes a two-layer framework intelligent controller comprising of a data integrity and correction check block in the first layer and a rule-based fuzzy logic controller (FLC) in the second layer. The proposed controller's effectiveness is validated using a simulation model, which comprises of an electricity distribution network and a communication network. Results demonstrate the intelligent controller's potential in reducing the impact of errors by deciding the right amount of power to be exchanged between the grid and EVs. A comparison between the conventional FLC and the proposed intelligent controller further corroborates the potential.

A Fuzzy Logic and Artificial Neural Network-Based Intelligent Controller for a Vehicle-to-Grid System

The communication between the grid control center (GCC) to aggregator and aggregator to Electrical Vehicles (EV) is very important in order to support the grid requirements and meet the load demand in a short duration of time. The aggregator sends the power requirement information to EVs and EVs have to receive this information irrespective of either being parked or moving. The EVs which have received this information can communicate the same to other EVs which have not received it. The Long Term Evolution (LTE) protocol is proposed for EV to EV communication in V2G to facilitate the participation of EVs in power transaction. The downlink physical layer of LTE protocol is modeled using MATLAB/SIMULINK and its performance is investigated.

Performance analysis of LTE protocol for EV to EV communication in vehicle-to-grid (V2G)

Abstract The electrical vehicles (EVs) can be connected to the grid for power transaction. The vehicle-to-grid (V2G) supports the grid requirements and helps in maintaining the load demands. The grid control center (GCC), aggregator and EV are three key entities in V2G communication. The GCC sends the information about power requirements to the aggregator. The aggregator after receiving the information from the GCC sends the information to the EVs. Based on the information, the interested EV owners participate in power transaction with the grid. The aggregator facilitates the EVs by providing the parking and charging slot. In this paper the queuing model for EVs connected to the grid and development of wireless infrastructure for the EV to Smart Meter communication is proposed. The queuing model is developed and simulated. The path loss models for WiMAX are analyzed and compared. Also, the physical layer of WiMAX protocol is modeled and simulated for the EV to Smart Meter communication in V2G.

Development of Markov Chain-Based Queuing Model and Wireless Infrastructure for EV to Smart Meter Communication in V2G

The Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) concept has become a reality with developments in the power grid and vehicle technology The electrical vehicle (EV) can be connected to the grid to contribute power and help in maintaining the grid stability for shorter duration of time The communication between the grid control center (GCC) and Aggregator is very crucial as GCC sends the power requirement details to the aggregator In this paper we propose Long Term Evolution (LTE) protocol for GCC to Aggregator communication in V2G The physical layer of LTE protocol is modeled using MATLAB/SIMULINK and its performance is investigated

Long term evolution protocol for grid control center to aggregator communication in V2G for smart grid application

With the developments in smart power grid and electrical vehicle technology the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) has become reality. The V2G plays a prominent role in meeting the load demands either peak shaving or valley filling in power management. The aggregator acts as an interface between the power grid and electrical vehicles and communication between them plays a key role. The mobile WiMAX(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) 802.16e is proposed as a communication protocol for aggregator and electrical vehicle communication. The path loss models are compared and simulation of WiMAX 802.16e physical layer is carried out using MATLAB and its performance is investigated.

R. Y Udaykumar

Papers

Performance investigation of mobile WiMAX protocol for aggregator and electrical vehicle communication in Vehicle-to-Grid(V2G)