Attachment--and loss.

In reporting Implicit Association Test (IAT) results, researchers have most often used scoring conventions described in the first publication of the IAT (A.G. Greenwald, D.E. McGhee, & J.L.K. Schwartz, 1998). Demonstration IATs available on the Internet have produced large data sets that were used in the current article to evaluate alternative scoring procedures. Candidate new algorithms were examined in terms of their (a) correlations with parallel self-report measures, (b) resistance to an artifact associated with speed of responding, (c) internal consistency, (d) sensitivity to known influences on IAT measures, and (e) resistance to known procedural influences. The best-performing measure incorporates data from the IAT's practice trials, uses a metric that is calibrated by each respondent's latency variability, and includes a latency penalty for errors. This new algorithm strongly outperforms the earlier (conventional) procedure.

/pdf/understanding-and-using-the-implicit-association-test-i-an-1sxb24sjrl.pdf

Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm.

At the heart of emotion, mood, and any other emotionally charged event are states experienced as simply feeling good or bad, energized or enervated. These states--called core affect--influence reflexes, perception, cognition, and behavior and are influenced by many causes internal and external, but people have no direct access to these causal connections. Core affect can therefore be experienced as free-floating (mood) or can be attributed to some cause (and thereby begin an emotional episode). These basic processes spawn a broad framework that includes perception of the core-affect-altering properties of stimuli, motives, empathy, emotional meta-experience, and affect versus emotion regulation; it accounts for prototypical emotional episodes, such as fear and anger, as core affect attributed to something plus various nonemotional processes.

/pdf/core-affect-and-the-psychological-construction-of-emotion-4bds0c0fm7.pdf

Core Affect and the Psychological Construction of Emotion

This review of 122 research reports (184 independent samples, 14,900 subjects) found average r = .274 for prediction of behavioral, judgment, and physiological measures by Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures. Parallel explicit (i.e., self-report) measures, available in 156 of these samples (13,068 subjects), also predicted effectively (average r = .361), but with much greater variability of effect size. Predictive validity of self-report was impaired for socially sensitive topics, for which impression management may distort self-report responses. For 32 samples with criterion measures involving Black-White interracial behavior, predictive validity of IAT measures significantly exceeded that of self-report measures. Both IAT and self-report measures displayed incremental validity, with each measure predicting criterion variance beyond that predicted by the other. The more highly IAT and self-report measures were intercorrelated, the greater was the predictive validity of each.

https://faculty.washington.edu/agg/pdf/GPU&B.meta-analysis.JPSP.2009.pdf

Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity.

Automated analysis of human affective behavior has attracted increasing attention from researchers in psychology, computer science, linguistics, neuroscience, and related disciplines. However, the existing methods typically handle only deliberately displayed and exaggerated expressions of prototypical emotions despite the fact that deliberate behaviour differs in visual appearance, audio profile, and timing from spontaneously occurring behaviour. To address this problem, efforts to develop algorithms that can process naturally occurring human affective behaviour have recently emerged. Moreover, an increasing number of efforts are reported toward multimodal fusion for human affect analysis including audiovisual fusion, linguistic and paralinguistic fusion, and multi-cue visual fusion based on facial expressions, head movements, and body gestures. This paper introduces and surveys these recent advances. We first discuss human emotion perception from a psychological perspective. Next we examine available approaches to solving the problem of machine understanding of human affective behavior, and discuss important issues like the collection and availability of training and test data. We finally outline some of the scientific and engineering challenges to advancing human affect sensing technology.

A Survey of Affect Recognition Methods: Audio, Visual, and Spontaneous Expressions

J. De Houwer, S. Teige-Mocigemba, A. Spruyt, and A. Moors’s (2009) normative analysis of implicit measures provides an excellent clarification of several conceptual ambiguities surrounding the validation and use of implicit measures. The current comment discusses an important, yet unacknowledged, implication of J. De Houwer et al.’s analysis, namely, that investigations addressing the proposed implicitness criterion (i.e., does the relevant psychological attribute influence measurement outcomes in an automatic fashion?) will be susceptible to fundamental misinterpretations if they are conducted independently of the proposed what criterion (i.e., is the measurement outcome causally produced by the psychological attribute the measurement procedure was designed to assess?). As a solution, it is proposed that experimental validation studies should be combined with a correlational approach in order to determine whether a given manipulation influenced measurement scores via variations in the relevant psychological attribute or via secondary sources of systematic variance.

Methodological issues in the validation of implicit measures: comment on De Houwer, Teige-Mocigemba, Spruyt, and Moors (2009).

Toward a theoretical understanding of sexual orientation and sexual motivation.

Dans une plan experimental pretest - post-test, l'estime de soi implicite et l'estime de soi explicite sont manipulees grâce a une interview centree sur les ressources ou sur les deficits des participants. L'estime de soi implicite est mesuree avec le Test d'Association Implicite (IAT, Greenwald, McGhee et Schwartz, 1998) et l'estime de soi explicite par l'intermediaire de questionnaires standard. Nous supposons que l'estime de soi implicite diminuera plus que l'estime de soi explicite dans la condition d'interview « deficits » parce que les besoins de presentation et de consistance de soi rendront l'estime de soi explicite plus resistante a l'information negative auto-pertinente. Une augmentation moderee de l'estime de soi explicite aussi bien qu'implicite est attendue dans la condition d'interview « ressources ». Globalement, ces hypotheses n'ont ete que peu validees. Il y a eu une augmentation de la dimension « amour de soi » de l'estime de soi explicite, mais dans les deux conditions d'interview. De plus, la stabilite de l'IAT significativement plus faible dans la condition d'interview « deficits » par rapport a la condition d'interview « ressources » suggere que l'interview « deficits » provoque un changement differentiel substantiel de l'estime de soi implicite. L'etude montre que l'estime de soi IAT a theoriquement des relations significatives avec les mesures explicites du soi et est relativement resistante aux manipulations.

Probing the malleability of implicit and explicit self-esteem: An interview approach

Deception detection: How can psychological research assist legal practice?

Sexual narcissism (SN) has recently been proposed to be a specific risk factor for the perpetration of sexual coercion based on both self-reports of previous behavior and self-estimated likelihood of engaging in acts of sexual violence. To explore one of the potential underlying mechanisms of SN, we tested whether for highly sexually narcissistic males (measured with the German language version of the Sexual Narcissism Scale) the subtle priming of sexual concepts would evoke aggressive behavior in a standard measure of aggressive behavior, the Taylor Aggression Paradigm. Results showed that only for sexually narcissistic men did a subtle priming with mildly erotic words lead to an increase in shock volumes administered to the alleged competitor on this task. For women, it was postulated that physical force would not be represented as a functional behavioral script for sexually narcissistic females and, in line with this hypothesis, no effects were found for women. The results were discussed with regard to the underlying processes of SN and the importance of an individual difference perspective in sex-aggression links.

/pdf/exploring-the-automatic-undercurrents-of-sexual-narcissism-4obxny2kht.pdf

Rainer Banse

Papers

Methodological issues in the validation of implicit measures: comment on De Houwer, Teige-Mocigemba, Spruyt, and Moors (2009).

Toward a theoretical understanding of sexual orientation and sexual motivation.

Probing the malleability of implicit and explicit self-esteem: An interview approach

Deception detection: How can psychological research assist legal practice?

Exploring the Automatic Undercurrents of Sexual Narcissism: Individual Differences in the Sex-Aggression Link