In a spirit of stocktaking and identifying frontiers of research, this article reviews recent changes of citizenship in three dimensions: status, rights, and identity. With respect to status, it is argued that access to citizenship has been liberalized. On the rights dimension, there has been a weakening of social rights and rise of minority rights. Citizenship identities today are universalistic, which limits states' attempts to counter the centrifugal dynamics of ethnically diversifying societies with unity and integration campaigns.

Transformation of Citizenship: Status, Rights, Identity

Several countries in Europe have recently adopted obligatory language and country-knowledge requirements for settlement, naturalisation and immigration. Integration tests, courses and contracts are only a few examples of the new ‘civic integration policies’ states are using to promote individual autonomy and common values for newcomers. Are these requirements in response to concrete problems of immigrant integration? Do they enable, or actually inhibit, integration? This paper examines the various pressures behind attaching mandatory integration requirements to status acquisition. To systematically examine these policies, I develop a civic integration index (CIVIX) to measure language, country-knowledge and value-commitment requirements across the EU-15. While there is a general shift toward civic requirements across Europe, evidence reveals important differences in the degree of policy change. Finally, I explore how new civic requirements complement or challenge existing citizenship practices, identifyin...

Integration Requirements for Integration's Sake? Identifying, Categorising and Comparing Civic Integration Policies

How much variation is there in immigrant incorporation policies and practices across the Western democracies? Concluding that the effort to capture variation in typologies of incorporation schemes is likely to prove both futile and misleading, I propose a radically dis-aggregated perspective that conceives of incorporation as the product of the intersection of migrant aspirations and strategies with regulatory frameworks in four domains — state, market, welfare, and culture. Because some but not all of the regulatory institutions in these domains were created with immigrant incorporation in mind, national incorporation frameworks are not fully cohesive, are constantly changing, and at best can be described as belonging to a handful of loosely connected syndromes.

Immigrant Incorporation in Western Democracies

The papers in this special issue of JEMS illustrate how the field of citizenship studies is moving towards a much more systematic comparative approach. They also indicate that the gap between political and legal branches might be narrowing. This brief concluding contribution reflects on a perspective that goes beyond the currently dominant framework, without replacing it. For both comparative and normative purposes, we need to study not merely the citizenship traditions, laws and policies of states considered separately, but rather as part of intertwined citizenship constellations.

Studying Citizenship Constellations

This article investigates the direct influence of radical right parties on immigration and integration policies by comparing the output of 27 cabinets of varying composition in nine countries in the period between 1996 and 2010. A Nationalist Immigration and Integration Policy index has been developed to measure legislative changes with regard to citizenship and denizenship, asylum, illegal residence, family reunion and integration. The comparative analysis of immigration and integration legislation shows that the policy output of cabinets including radical right parties deviates significantly from centre-left and centre cabinets, but does not differ much from that of centre-right cabinets. The quantitative analysis makes clear that although parties matter, radical right parties do not matter in particular. A case by case analysis confirms that the direct impact of radical right parties on policy output has been severely limited by the difficulties these parties face in adapting to public office.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01402382.2012.665738

Comparing Radical Right Parties in Government: Immigration and Integration Policies in Nine Countries (1996–2010)

Nationality and citizenship have recently become a hotly contested policy field in several European states. Reforms of the acquisition or loss of nationality have been shaped by concerns about the integration of immigrants as well as by attempts to strengthen ties with emigrants. A team of 30 researchers has examined nationality laws and their implementation in the pre-2004 Member States of the European Union.http://www.imiscoe.org/natac/

Acquisition and Loss of Nationality. Volumes 1 + 2

Nationality and citizenship have been subjects of stormy policy debates in many EU countries in recent years. Concerns over the integration of immigrants, but also attempts to forge links with emigrants, have led to changes in the laws regulating loss and acquisition of nationality and citizenship. This title outlines the research conducted by a team of 30 researchers into the nationality laws and their implementation in 15 EU member states. "http://www.aup.nl/do.php?a=show_visitor_book&isbn=9789053569214&l=2"> Volume 2 of this study presents detailed studies of each country's nationality laws, their historical background and current provisions. It is a companion to "http://www.aup.nl/do.php?a=show_visitor_book&isbn=9789053569207&l=2">volume 1 which contains comparative analyses based on a novel methodology that permits a detailed comparison how nationality can be acquired or lost across all 15 countries. The results show divergent trends towards liberalization in some countries and new restrictions of access to nationality in others. "http://www.aup.nl/do.php?a=show_visitor_book&isbn=9789053569207&l=2">Volume 1 also examines the impact of international and European law, presents statistical data on naturalisation and assesses administrative practices. Although the European Union has no formal competence in regulating nationality, the nationality laws of member states are linked to each other via the common citizenship of the Union. Member States should therefore agree on common norms for their nationality laws. Volume 1 contains detailed policy recommendations based on the idea that stakeholders in the political community should be given access to nationality. In addition to the two volumes, detailed statistics and further comparative analyses of legal regulations of nationality are available at "http://www.imiscoe.org">www.imiscoe.org. Volume 1 & 2 are also available as a set, "http://www.aup.nl/do.php?a=show_visitor_book&isbn=9789053569498&l=2">click here form more information. This is the most comprehensive comparative study of the legal status of nationality so far and it will become an indispensable source of reference for further research. For more information see: "http://www.imiscoe.org/natac/">http://www.imiscoe.org/natac/

/pdf/acquisition-and-loss-of-nationality-volume-2-country-4a8skdso2m.pdf

Acquisition and Loss of Nationality|Volume 2: Country Analyses : Policies and Trends in 15 European Countries

Briefing paper: Naturalisation policies in Western Europe

aus dem Inhaltsverzeichnis: Niederlassung, Rechtsstatus und Integration von Einwanderern im europaischen Vergleich: Die Konstruktion eines Index zur Messung der Integrationsleistungen von Auslanderrechtssytemen. Methodische Uberlegungen und Ergebnisse aus einem Vergleich acht europaischer Staaten; Die Rechtsstellung von Wanderarbeitnehmern und ihren Familienangehorigen im Europaischen Gemeinschaftsrecht; Landerberichte; Rechtliche und politische Aspekte der Einburgerung von Einwanderern in ausgewahlten OECD-Staaten: Einburgerungspolitik im internationalen Vergleich; Zwischen Rechtserwerb und Identitatsbedrohung - Einburgerung aus der Sicht von MigrantInnen; Die Einburgerungen in Osterreich 1981 bis 1991;

Rechtliche Integration von Einwanderern im internationalen Vergleich: Endbericht ; Studie im Auftrag des Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung

Rainer Bauböck

Papers

Acquisition and Loss of Nationality. Volumes 1 + 2

Acquisition and Loss of Nationality|Volume 2: Country Analyses : Policies and Trends in 15 European Countries

Briefing paper: Naturalisation policies in Western Europe

Rechtliche Integration von Einwanderern im internationalen Vergleich: Endbericht ; Studie im Auftrag des Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung