Microfabricated integrated circuits revolutionized computation by vastly reducing the space, labor, and time required for calculations. Microfluidic systems hold similar promise for the large-scale automation of chemistry and biology, suggesting the possibility of numerous experiments performed rapidly and in parallel, while consuming little reagent. While it is too early to tell whether such a vision will be realized, significant progress has been achieved, and various applications of significant scientific and practical interest have been developed. Here a review of the physics of small volumes (nanoliters) of fluids is presented, as parametrized by a series of dimensionless numbers expressing the relative importance of various physical phenomena. Specifically, this review explores the Reynolds number Re, addressing inertial effects; the Peclet number Pe, which concerns convective and diffusive transport; the capillary number Ca expressing the importance of interfacial tension; the Deborah, Weissenberg, and elasticity numbers De, Wi, and El, describing elastic effects due to deformable microstructural elements like polymers; the Grashof and Rayleigh numbers Gr and Ra, describing density-driven flows; and the Knudsen number, describing the importance of noncontinuum molecular effects. Furthermore, the long-range nature of viscous flows and the small device dimensions inherent in microfluidics mean that the influence of boundaries is typically significant. A variety of strategies have been developed to manipulate fluids by exploiting boundary effects; among these are electrokinetic effects, acoustic streaming, and fluid-structure interactions. The goal is to describe the physics behind the rich variety of fluid phenomena occurring on the nanoliter scale using simple scaling arguments, with the hopes of developing an intuitive sense for this occasionally counterintuitive world.

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Microfluidics: Fluid physics at the nanoliter scale

Colloid mobilization and transport in groundwater

Nawroth et al. combine rat cardiomyocytes and silicone polymer to make a jellyfish replica that mimics the propulsive behavior of its live counterpart. The design principles guiding this feat may facilitate tissue engineering of muscular organs.

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A tissue-engineered jellyfish with biomimetic propulsion

Proteins, polysaccharides, and their complexes used as stabilizers for emulsions: Alternatives to synthetic surfactants in the pharmaceutical field?

DEM/CFD-DEM Modelling of Non-spherical Particulate Systems: Theoretical Developments and Applications

Preface Preface to the First Edition Acknowledgements About the Author INTRODUCTION, SCOPE, AND ORGANIZATION NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID BEHAVIOR Definition of a Newtonian Fluid Non-Newtonian Fluids: Definition, Examples of Different Types, Mathematical Models Dimensional Considerations in the Mechanics of Viscoelastic Fluids Experimental Techniques: Rheometry RIGID PARTICLES IN TIME-INDEPENDENT FLUIDS WITHOUT A YIELD STRESS Governing Equations for a Sphere Spherical Particles in Newtonian Fluids Spheres in Shear-thinning Fluids Spheres in Shear-thickening Fluids Light Spheres Rising in Pseudoplastic Media Pressure Drop due to a Settling Sphere Non-Spherical Particles RIGID PARTICLES IN VISCOPLASTIC FLUIDS Static Equilibrium of Particles Flow Field: Shape and size of flow zones Drag Force Role of Values of Yield stress used in correlations Time Effects RIGID PARTICLES IN VISCOELASTIC FLUIDS Flow over a sphere Flow over a cylinder Other Studies Involving Interactions Between Non-Newtonian Characteristics, Particle Shape, Flow Field, etc. FLUID PARTICLES IN NON-NEWTONIAN MEDIA Formation of Fluid Particles Shapes of Bubbles and Drops in Free Rise or Fall Terminal Velocity-Volume Behavior in Free Motion Drag Behavior of Single Particles Bubble and Drops Ensembles in Free Motion Coalescence of Bubbles and Drops Breakage of Drops Motion and Deformation of Bubbles and Drops in Confined Flows NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA AND PACKED BEDS Porous Medium Definition, Examples and Characterization Flow of Newtonian Fluids Flow of Non-Newtonian Fluids Miscellaneous Effects Two Phase Gas/Liquid Flow FLUIDIZATION AND HINDERED SETTLING Two-Phase Fluidization Sedimentation or Hindered Settling Three Phase Fluidized Beds MOMENTUM, HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN BOUNDARY LAYER FLOWS Boundary Layer Flows Viscoelastic Effects in Boundary Layers Mass Transfer from Bubbles Mass Transfer from Drops Mass Transfer from Ensembles of Bubbles and Drops Heat and Mass Transfer in Fixed Beds Heat and Mass Transfer in Fluidized Beds Heat and Mass Transfer in Three Phase Fluidized Beds Heat Transfer from Tube Bundles WALL EFFECTS Definition For Rigid Spheres For Non-Spherical Particles For Drops and Bubbles FALLING OBJECT RHEOMETRY Falling Ball Method Rolling Ball Method Rotating Sphere Viscometer Falling Cylinder Viscometer *All Chapters contain Introduction, Summary and Nomenclature sections References Subject index Author index

Bubbles, Drops, and Particles in Non-Newtonian Fluids

This book bridges the gap between the theoretical work of the rheologist, and the practical needs of those who have to design and operate the systems in which these materials are handled or processed. It is an established and important reference for senior level mechanical engineers, chemical and process engineers, as well as any engineer or scientist who needs to study or work with these fluids, including pharmaceutical engineers, mineral processing engineers, medical researchers, water and civil engineers. This new edition covers a considerably broader range of topics than its predecessor, including computational fluid dynamics modeling techniques, liquid/solid flows and applications to areas such as food processing, among others.Written by two of the world's leading experts, this is the only dedicated non-Newtonian flow reference in print. Since first publication significant advances have been made in almost all areas covered in this book, which are incorporated in the new edition, including developments in CFD and computational techniques, velocity profiles in pipes, liquid/solid flows and applications to food processing, and new heat/mass transfer methods and models. This book covers both basic rheology and the fluid mechanics of NN fluids. It is a truly self-contained reference for anyone studying or working with the processing and handling of fluids.

Non-Newtonian Flow and Applied Rheology: Engineering Applications

Rheology of Polymeric Systems: Principles and Applications

Non-Newtonian fluid behaviour Rheometry for non-Newtonian fluids Flow in pipes and conduits of non-circular cross-sections Flow of multi-phase mixtures in pipes Particulate systems Heat transfer characteristics of non-Newtonian fluids in pipes Momentum, heat and mass transfer in boundary layers Liquid mixing.

Non-Newtonian flow in the process industries : fundamentals and engineering applications

The Motion Of Bubbles And Drops In Reduced Gravity Fluid Particles In rheologically complex media the motion of a sphere through an elastic fluid the effects of surfactants on flow and mass transport to drops and bubbles rate of gas absorption by liquids and "surface resistance" shapes of fluid particles - flow of particles in viscoelastic fluids rheology of filled polymeric systems simulation of particle deposition in fluid flow.

Raj P. Chhabra

Papers

Bubbles, Drops, and Particles in Non-Newtonian Fluids

Non-Newtonian Flow and Applied Rheology: Engineering Applications

Rheology of Polymeric Systems: Principles and Applications

Non-Newtonian flow in the process industries : fundamentals and engineering applications

Transport Processes in Bubbles, Drops and Particles