http://inspirehep.net/record/499969/files/arXiv:hep-th_9905111.pdf

Large N Field Theories, String Theory and Gravity

QUANTUM gravitational effects are usually ignored in calculations of the formation and evolution of black holes. The justification for this is that the radius of curvature of space-time outside the event horizon is very large compared to the Planck length (Għ/c3)1/2 ≈ 10−33 cm, the length scale on which quantum fluctuations of the metric are expected to be of order unity. This means that the energy density of particles created by the gravitational field is small compared to the space-time curvature. Even though quantum effects may be small locally, they may still, however, add up to produce a significant effect over the lifetime of the Universe ≈ 1017 s which is very long compared to the Planck time ≈ 10−43 s. The purpose of this letter is to show that this indeed may be the case: it seems that any black hole will create and emit particles such as neutrinos or photons at just the rate that one would expect if the black hole was a body with a temperature of (κ/2π) (ħ/2k) ≈ 10−6 (M/M)K where κ is the surface gravity of the black hole1. As a black hole emits this thermal radiation one would expect it to lose mass. This in turn would increase the surface gravity and so increase the rate of emission. The black hole would therefore have a finite life of the order of 1071 (M/M)−3 s. For a black hole of solar mass this is much longer than the age of the Universe. There might, however, be much smaller black holes which were formed by fluctuations in the early Universe2. Any such black hole of mass less than 1015 g would have evaporated by now. Near the end of its life the rate of emission would be very high and about 1030 erg would be released in the last 0.1 s. This is a fairly small explosion by astronomical standards but it is equivalent to about 1 million 1 Mton hydrogen bombs. It is often said that nothing can escape from a black hole. But in 1974, Stephen Hawking realized that, owing to quantum effects, black holes should emit particles with a thermal distribution of energies — as if the black hole had a temperature inversely proportional to its mass. In addition to putting black-hole thermodynamics on a firmer footing, this discovery led Hawking to postulate 'black hole explosions', as primordial black holes end their lives in an accelerating release of energy.

Black Hole Explosions

This article reviews the generalization of field theory to space-time with noncommuting coordinates, starting with the basics and covering most of the active directions of research. Such theories are now known to emerge from limits of M theory and string theory and to describe quantum Hall states. In the last few years they have been studied intensively, and many qualitatively new phenomena have been discovered, on both the classical and the quantum level.

Noncommutative field theory

We explain how the string spectrum in flat space and pp-waves arises from the large-N limit, at fixed g2YM, of U(N) = 4 super Yang Mills. We reproduce the spectrum by summing a subset of the planar Feynman diagrams. We give a heuristic argument for why we can neglect other diagrams. We also discuss some other aspects of pp-waves and we present a matrix model associated to the DLCQ description of the maximally supersymmetric eleven dimensional pp-waves.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1126-6708/2002/04/013/pdf

Strings in flat space and pp waves from Script N = 4 Super Yang Mills

These notes are loosely based on lectures given at the CERN Winter School on Supergravity, Strings and Gauge theories, February 2009, and at the IPM String School in Tehran, April 2009. I have focused on a few concrete topics and also on addressing questions that have arisen repeatedly. Background condensed matter physics material is included as motivation and easy reference for the high energy physics community. The discussion of holographic techniques progresses from equilibrium, to transport and to superconductivity.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0264-9381/26/22/224002/pdf

Lectures on holographic methods for condensed matter physics

The 't Hooft expansion of SU(N) Chern-Simons theory on $S^3$ is proposed to be exactly dual to the topological closed string theory on the $S^2$ blow up of the conifold geometry. The $B$-field on the $S^2$ has magnitude $Ng_s=\lambda$, the 't Hooft coupling. We are able to make a number of checks, such as finding exact agreement at the level of the partition function computed on {\it both} sides for arbitrary $\lambda$ and to all orders in 1/N. Moreover, it seems possible to derive this correspondence from a linear sigma model description of the conifold. We propose a picture whereby a perturbative D-brane description, in terms of holes in the closed string worldsheet, arises automatically from the coexistence of two phases in the underlying U(1) gauge theory. This approach holds promise for a derivation of the AdS/CFT correspondence.

https://www.intlpress.com/site/pub/files/_fulltext/journals/atmp/1999/0003/0005/ATMP-1999-0003-0005-a005.pdf

On the Gauge Theory/Geometry Correspondence

It is shown how the topological string amplitudes encode the BPS structure of wrapped M2 branes in M-theory compactification on Calabi-Yau threefolds. This in turn is related to a twisted supersymmetric index in 5 dimensions which receives contribution only from BPS states. The spin dependence of BPS states in 5 dimensions is captured by the string coupling constant dependence of topological string amplitudes.

M theory and topological strings. 2.

We propose a duality between the 2d ${\mathcal{W}}_{N}$ minimal models in the large $N$ 't Hooft limit, and a family of higher spin theories on ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{3}$. The 2d conformal field theories (CFTs) can be described as Wess-Zumino-Witten coset models, and include, for $N=2$, the usual Virasoro unitary series. The dual bulk theory contains, in addition to the massless higher spin fields, two complex scalars (of equal mass). The mass is directly related to the 't Hooft coupling constant of the dual CFT. We give convincing evidence that the spectra of the two theories match precisely for all values of the 't Hooft coupling. We also show that the renormalization group flows in the 2d CFT agree exactly with the usual AdS/CFT prediction of the gravity theory. Our proposal is in many ways analogous to the Klebanov-Polyakov conjecture for an ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{4}$ dual for the singlet sector of large $N$ vector models.

An AdS_3 Dual for Minimal Model CFTs

We find classically stable solitons (instantons) in odd (even) dimensional scalar noncommutative field theories whose scalar potential, $V(\ph)$, has at least two minima These solutions are bubbles of the false vacuum whose size is set by the scale of noncommutativity Our construction uses the correspondence between non-commutative fields and operators on a single particle Hilbert space In the case of noncommutative gauge theories we note that expanding around a simple solution shifts away the kinetic term and results in a purely quartic action with linearly realised gauge symmetries

Noncommutative Solitons

We review the duality relating 2D WN minimal model conformal field theories, in a large-N ’t Hooft like limit, to higher spin gravitational theories on AdS3. This article is part of a special issue of Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical devoted to ‘Higher spin theories and holography’.

/pdf/minimal-model-holography-2af8x7840e.pdf

Rajesh Gopakumar

Papers

On the Gauge Theory/Geometry Correspondence

M theory and topological strings. 2.

An AdS_3 Dual for Minimal Model CFTs

Noncommutative Solitons

Minimal model holography