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Using Multivariate Statistics

The five-factor model of personality is a hierarchical organization of personality traits in terms of five basic dimensions: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience. Research using both natural language adjectives and theoretically based personality questionnaires supports the comprehensiveness of the model and its applicability across observers and cultures. This article summarizes the history of the model and its supporting evidence; discusses conceptions of the nature of the factors; and outlines an agenda for theorizing about the origins and operation of the factors. We argue that the model should prove useful both for individual assessment and for the elucidation of a number of topics of interest to personality psychologists.

/pdf/an-introduction-to-the-five-factor-model-and-its-1hd8x7eums.pdf

An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications.

Although a considerable amount of research in personality psychology has been done to conceptualize human personality, identify the “Big Five” dimensions, and explore the meaning of each dimension,...

Dimensions of Brand Personality

Although a considerable amount of research in personality psychology has been done to conceptualize human personality, identify the Big Five dimensions, and explore the meaning of each dimension, no parallel research has been conducted in consumer behavior on brand personality. Consequently, an understanding of the symbolic use of brands has been limited in the consumer behavior literature. In this research, the author develops a theoretical framework of the the brand personality construct by determining the number and nature of dimensions of brand personality (Sincerity, Excitement, Competence, Sophistication, and Ruggedness). To measure the five brand personality dimensions, a reliable, valid, and generalizable measurement scale is created. Finally, theoretical and practical implications regarding the symbolic use of brands are discussed.

The importance of intellectual talent to achievement in all professional domains is well established, but less is known about other individual differences that predict success. The authors tested the importance of 1 noncognitive trait: grit. Defined as perseverance and passion for long-term goals, grit accounted for an average of 4% of the variance in success outcomes, including educational attainment among 2 samples of adults (N=1,545 and N=690), grade point average among Ivy League undergraduates (N=138), retention in 2 classes of United States Military Academy, West Point, cadets (N=1,218 and N=1,308), and ranking in the National Spelling Bee (N=175). Grit did not relate positively to IQ but was highly correlated with Big Five Conscientiousness. Grit nonetheless demonstrated incremental predictive validity of success measures over and beyond IQ and conscientiousness. Collectively, these findings suggest that the achievement of difficult goals entails not only talent but also the sustained and focused application of talent over time.

https://psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/92/6/1087.pdf

Grit: Perseverance and Passion for Long-Term Goals

This study reports on the development of the Spiritual Transcendence Scale, a measure designed to capture aspects of the individual that are independent of the qualities contained in the Five-Factor Model of Personality (FFM). Using two separate samples of undergraduate students including both self-report (Ns = 379 and 356) and observer data (N = 279), it was shown that Spiritual Transcendence: (a) was independent of measures of the FFM; (b) evidenced good cross-observer convergence; and (c) predicted a wide range of psychologically salient outcomes, even after controlling for the predictive effects of personality. Given the long theoretical pedigree of Transcendence in the psychological literature, it was argued that Spiritual Transcendence represents a broad-based motivational domain of comparable breadth to those constructs contained in the FFM and ought to be considered a potential sixth major dimension of personality.

Does Spirituality Represent the Sixth Factor of Personality? Spiritual Transcendence and the Five-Factor Model

Both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in the United States have shown consistent changes between college age and middle adulthood. There appear to be declines in 3 of the 5 major factors of personality--Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Openness--and increases in Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. To examine cross-cultural generalizability of these findings, translations of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory were administered to samples in Germany, Italy, Portugal, Croatia, and South Korea (N = 7,363). Similar patterns of age differences were seen in each country, for both men and women. Common trends were also seen for the more specific traits that define the major factors. Because these nations differ substantially in culture and recent history, results suggest the hypothesis that these are universal maturational changes in adult personality.

Age differences in personality across the adult life span: Parallels in five cultures.

1.Personality and Its Assessment. 2.Psychometric Overview of the NEO PI-R. 3.Interpreting the NEO PI-R. 4.Profile Analysis Using the NEO PI-R. 5.Applications of the Rater Version of the NEO PI-R. 6.Research Applications with the NEO PI-R. Index.

The Revised NEO Personality Inventory: Clinical and Research Applications

Because of the potential for bias and error in questionnaire responding, many personality inventories include validity scales intended to correct biased scores or identify invalid protocols. The authors evaluated the utility of several types of validity scales in a volunteer sample of 72 men and 106 women who completed the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R; P. T. Costa & R. R. McCrae, 1992) and the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ; A. Tellegen, 1978/1982) and were rated by 2 acquaintances on the observer form of the NEO-PI-R. Analyses indicated that the validity indexes lacked utility in this sample. A partial replication (N = 1,728) also failed to find consistent support for the use of validity scales. The authors illustrate the use of informant ratings in assessing protocol validity and argue that psychological assessors should limit their use of validity scales and seek instead to improve the quality of personality assessments.

On the invalidity of validity scales: evidence from self-reports and observer ratings in volunteer samples.

Part I: The Five Paradigms and Their Convergences. The Psychodynamic Paradigm. The Interpersonal Paradigm. The Personological Paradigm. The Multivariate Paradigm. The Empirical Paradigm. Convergences Among Paradigms: The Individual and Society. Part II: A Collaborative Case Study. McAdams, Personological Assessment. Behrends, Blatt, Psychodynamic Assessment. Pincus, Gurtman, Interpersonal Assessment. Costa, Piedmont, Multivariate Assessment. Ben-Porath, Empirical Assessment. Trobst, Wiggins, Constructive Alternativism in Personality Assessment. Appendix A. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Protocol. Appendix B-1. Rorschach Protocol. Appendix B-2. Rorschach Scoring. Appendix B-3. Rorschach Scoring Summary. Appendix C. Object Relations Inventory (ORI) Protocol.

Ralph L. Piedmont

Papers

Does Spirituality Represent the Sixth Factor of Personality? Spiritual Transcendence and the Five-Factor Model

Age differences in personality across the adult life span: Parallels in five cultures.

The Revised NEO Personality Inventory: Clinical and Research Applications

On the invalidity of validity scales: evidence from self-reports and observer ratings in volunteer samples.

Paradigms of Personality Assessment