Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

This review provides a contemporary account of knowledge on aspects of introductions of non-native fish species and includes issues associated with introduction pathways, ecological and economic impacts, risk assessments, management options and impact of climate change. It offers guidance to reconcile the increasing demands of certain stakeholders to diversify their activities using non-native fishes with the long-term sustainability of native aquatic biodiversity. The rate at which non-native freshwater fishes have been introduced worldwide has doubled in the space of 30 years, with the principal motives being aquaculture (39%) and improvement of wild stocks (17%). Economic activity is the principal driver of human-mediated non-native fish introductions, including the globalization of fish culture, whereby the production of the African cichlid tilapia is seven times higher in Asia than in most areas of Africa, and Chile is responsible for c. 30% of the world's farmed salmon, all based on introduced species. Consequently, these economic benefits need balancing against the detrimental environmental, social and economic effects of introduced non-native fishes. There are several major ecological effects associated with non-native fish introductions, including predation, habitat degradation, increased competition for resources, hybridization and disease transmission. Consideration of these aspects in isolation, however, is rarely sufficient to adequately characterize the overall ecological effect of an introduced species. Regarding the management of introduced non-native fish, pre-introduction screening tools, such as the fish invasiveness scoring kit (FISK), can be used to ensure that species are not introduced, which may develop invasive populations. Following the introduction of non-native fish that do develop invasive populations, management responses are typified by either a remediation or a mitigation response, although these are often difficult and expensive to implement, and may have limited effectiveness.

Current knowledge on non-native freshwater fish introductions

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Treatment Wetlands, Second Edition

In an age of accelerating biodiversity loss, this timely and critical volume summarizes recent advances in biodiversity-ecosystem functioning research and explores the economics of biodiversity and ecosystem services. The book starts by summarizing the development of the basic science and provides a meta-analysis that quantitatively tests several biodiversity and ecosystem functioning hypotheses. It then describes the natural science foundations of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning research including: quantifying functional diversity, the development of the field into a predictive science, the effects of stability and complexity, methods to quantify mechanisms by which diversity affects functioning, the importance of trophic structure, microbial ecology, and spatial dynamics. Finally, the book takes research on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning further than it has ever gone into the human dimension, describing the most pressing environmental challenges that face humanity and the effects of diversity on: climate change mitigation, restoration of degraded habitats, managed ecosystems, pollination, disease, and biological invasions.However, what makes this volume truly unique are the chapters that consider the economic perspective. These include a synthesis of the economics of ecosystem services and biodiversity, and the options open to policy-makers to address the failure of markets to account for the loss of ecosystem services; an examination of the challenges of valuing ecosystem services and, hence, to understanding the human consequences of decisions that neglect these services; and an examination of the ways in which economists are currently incorporating biodiversity and ecosystem functioning research into decision models for the conservation and management of biodiversity. A final section describes new advances in ecoinformatics that will help transform this field into a globally predictive science, and summarizes the advancements and future directions of the field. The ultimate conclusion is that biodiversity is an essential element of any strategy for sustainable development.

Biodiversity, Ecosystem Functioning, and Human Wellbeing: An Ecological and Economic Perspective

The estimation of fractional trophic levels(TROPHs) is essential for the management offisheries resources as well as for quantifyingthe ecosystem effects of fishing. We gatheredall available information concerning thefeeding habits of 332 fish stocks, belonging to146 species, 59 families and 21 orders,throughout the Mediterranean Sea, and estimatedtheir TROPH values. The latter ranged from 2.0to 4.5 and the following functional trophicgroups were identified: (a) pure herbivores (TROPH = 2.0–2.1, mean = 2.02, SD = 0.03),which were very rare and represented by Siganus luridus, Siganus rivulatus andSarpa salpa, all of which feed on red,brown, green and blue-green algae; (b)omnivores with a preference for vegetablematerial (2.1 < TROPH < 2.9, mean = 2.5,SD = 0.12), but feeding on other prey, such assponges, hydrozoans, anthozoans, polychaetes,ostracods, isopods, amphipods and copepods. This type of omnivore was very rare among thecases reviewed; (c) omnivores with a preferencefor animal material (2.9 < TROPH < 3.7,mean = 3.4, SD = 0.19) feeding on a wide variety ofprey (e.g., algae, foraminifera, brachyurans,balanoids, ascidians, amphipods,appendicularians, annelids, isopods,gastropods, cnidarians, ophiurids, polychaetes,cladocerans, mysids, euphausids, fish larvae,cephalopods). They were the most numerous andwere mainly represented by species of thefamilies Blenniidae, Bothidae, Centracanthidae,Gobiidae, Labridae, Lotidae, Macrouridae,Mullidae, Ophidiidae, Soleidae, Triglidaeand Engraulidae; and (d) carnivores witha preference for large decapods, cephalopodsand fish (3.7 < TROPH < 4.5). They werethe next most abundant group among the casesreviewed. They were mainly represented byspecies of the families Dalatiidae, Lophiidae,Scombridae, Scyliorhinidae, Synodontidae,Torpedinidae, Merlucciidae, Xiphiidae andZeidae. This group was divided into twosubgroups: one exhibiting a preference fordecapods and fish (3.7 < TROPH < 4.0,mean = 3.85, SD = 0.09) and another one exhibitinga preference for fish and cephalopods (4.0 <TROPH < 4.5, mean = 4.38, SD = 0.12). Potentialtop carnivores in the Mediterranean Sea werealso identified. Although such a grouping isprovisional, and subject to revision when moredatasets for other species, habitats and areas(especially from the Southern MediterraneanSea, which was underrepresented in ourcompilation) become available, it may serve asa basis for the maintenance of trophic levelbalance in the Mediterranean Sea. This willset the basis for an ecosystem approach to themanagement of the Mediterranean Sea. Acrossspecies, TROPH values increased asymptoticallywith maximum reported body length. The samewas also true for 9 out of 11 stocks, for whichdiet composition data were available for morethan three length classes. The within- andamong-species asymptotic relationships betweenTROPH and body length are discussed within theframework of foraging behavior and preyselection theory. Finally, based on thesampling characteristics and methodology usedin the studies reviewed, some recommendationsfor future stomach content studies are alsoprovided.

Feeding habits and trophic levels of Mediterranean fish

Summary We examine the evolving concept of what constitutes a nonnative (or alien) freshwater fish. In an attempt to distinguish between biogeographical and socio-political perspectives, we review the patterns in the introduction and dispersal of nonnative fishes in Europe and North America, and especially the recent expansion of Ponto-Caspian gobies in Europe. We assess patterns in the development of national policy and legislation in response to the perceived threat of non-native fish introductions to native species and ecosystems. We review, and provide a glossary of, the terms and definitions associated with non-native species. Finally, we discuss perspectives as regards the future treatment of naturalized species.

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To be, or not to be, a non‐native freshwater fish?

The pumpkinseed sunfish Lepomis gibbosus introduced into Lake Banyoles (Spain) were predominantly littoral but there was a tendency of large fish to use deeper zones. Their diet was dominated by littoral macrobenthos, particularly amphipods (Echinogammarus sp.). There was ontogenetic variation in the diet, with small young-of-the-year (L F <4 cm) feeding on several littoral microcrustaceans, especially the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia reticulata, whereas larger fish shifted to a freshwater shrimp (Atyaephyra desmaresti), snails and damselfly larvae. Seasonal variation in diet was linked to resource availability, with consumption of fish eggs and plant debris in spring and summer. In autumn, pumpkinseeds were partially zooplanktivores, preying on the cladoceran Daphnia longispina. The diet of pumpkinseeds in Lake Banyoles and other Iberian populations shows less molluscivory than North American populations. The potential ecological impact of this successful exotic species involves mainly predation on fish eggs and molluscs.

Food of introduced pumpkinseed sunfish: ontogenetic diet shift and seasonal variation.

The faunal composition, richness, and their determinant factors were analyzed in a Mediterranean temporary pond located in NE Spain. The aquatic community was sampled weekly over 7 periods of flooding during 4 years (1996-1999). Composition of the pond community was found to be influenced by duration of the hydroperiod and, secondarily, by seasonality. Insects and crustaceans were the most well-represented types of fauna. The small numbers of species captured over all hydroperiods spend the dry periods in situ or have an important dispersal capacity. Comparison of the faunal composition of several temporary ponds of temperate latitudes confirms the great diversity of faunal groups found in temporary aquatic environments, and this richness is comparable to that found in permanent water bodies. The richness of these temporary ponds is related to flooded surface and to hydroperiod duration. The peculiarity of the fauna of temporary waters, together the deteriorating condition of those habitats, make it necessary for more active policies of preservation to be pursued.

https://bioone.org/journals/wetlands/volume-21/issue-4/0277-5212(2001)021[0577:TFCOEP]2.0.CO;2/THE-FAUNAL-COMPOSITION-OF-ESPOLLA-POND-NE-IBERIAN-PENINSULA/10.1672/0277-5212(2001)021[0577:TFCOEP]2.0.CO;2.pdf

The faunal composition of espolla pond (ne iberian peninsula): the neglected biodiversity of temporary waters

The impact of exotic species is a neglected, worldwide ecological problem, particularly for freshwater fish. Examples of historical changes in southern Europe due to fish introduction are rare. Lake Banyoles, the second largest lake of the Iberian Peninsula, has suffered a long history of fish introductions. We reviewed the historical changes in the fish assemblage and assessed its current state in a field study. Before 1910, only five or six native species were present. During this century up to 12 exotic species were introduced, leading to the apparent loss of two native species (three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus and, possibly introduced several centuries ago, tench Tinca tinca) and the decline of three others (eel Anguilla anguilla, chub Leuciscus cephalus, and barbel Barbus meridionalis). The current fish assemblage is dominated by exotic species, particularly the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and the pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) in the littoral zone and roach (Rutilus rutilus) in the pelagic zone. The only native species still common nowadays is the freshwater blenny (Salaria (= Blennius)fluviatilis).

Introduction of exotic fish into a Mediterranean lake over a 90-year period

A new approach for analysing morphometric data of reproductive cycles is proposed, involving multivariate analysis of covariance of the directly measured variables (e.g., total weight and gonadal w...

Ramon Moreno-Amich

Papers

To be, or not to be, a non‐native freshwater fish?

Food of introduced pumpkinseed sunfish: ontogenetic diet shift and seasonal variation.

The faunal composition of espolla pond (ne iberian peninsula): the neglected biodiversity of temporary waters

Introduction of exotic fish into a Mediterranean lake over a 90-year period

Multivariate Analysis of Covariance in Morphometric Studies of the Reproductive Cycle