Emerging desalination technologies for water treatment: a critical review.

Membrane technology offers the best options to "drought proof" mankind on an increasingly thirsty planet by purifying seawater or used (waste) water. Although desalination by reverse osmosis (RO) and wastewater treatment by membrane bioreactors are well established the various membrane technologies still need to be significantly improved in terms of separation properties, energy demand and costs. We can now define the ideal characteristics of membranes and advances in material science and novel chemistries are leading to increasingly effective membranes. However developments in membranes must be matched by improved device design and membrane engineering. It is likely that limitations in fluid mechanics and mass transfer will define the upper bounds of membrane performance. Nevertheless major advances and growth over the next 20 years can be anticipated with RO remaining as the key to desalination and reclamation, with other membrane processes growing in support and in niche areas.

Synthetic membranes for water purification : status and future

Membrane-based seawater desalination: Present and future prospects

http://atominfo.ru/files/brine/Brine%20from%20desalination%20plants_11.pdf

Comparative study of brine management technologies for desalination plants

Potential and implemented membrane-based technologies for the treatment and reuse of flowback and produced water from shale gas and oil plays: A review

Closed circuit desalination of Mediterranean water with 475±15% recovery was demonstrated in the RO energy range 185–225 kWh/m 3 for the respective flux range 6–18 lmh with head element recovery of 70±05%

https://www.deswater.com/abstracts/a_2402.pdf

Closed circuit desalination — A new low energy high recovery technology without energy recovery

Closed circuit desalination (CCD) trials of Mediterranean Water, performed with a new technology unit of different configurations comprising four modules each of 1–4 membrane elements, reveal the RO energy range 1.8–2.8 kWh m−3 in the respective flux range 8–40 lmh for recovery up to 50%. Mediterranean trials RO energy of the new technology at flux of 13–14 lmh of conventional SWRO plants was found in the range 1.9–2.1 kWh m−3 with a plausible further improvement to 1.7–1.8 kWh m−3 expected with efficiency of feed pressurizing and concentrate recycling means of 85% and 60%, respectively. The extensive experimental data of Mediterranean water desalination trials by the new technology disclosed herein, reveal an extraordinarily energy efficient technology of high flux capability which operates without any need for energy recovery.

Closed circuit desalination series no-2: new affordable technology for sea water desalination of low energy and high flux using short modules without need of energy recovery

Ran Natanel Barak

Papers

Closed circuit desalination — A new low energy high recovery technology without energy recovery

Closed circuit desalination series no-2: new affordable technology for sea water desalination of low energy and high flux using short modules without need of energy recovery