A communication infrastructure is an essential part to the success of the emerging smart grid. A scalable and pervasive communication infrastructure is crucial in both construction and operation of a smart grid. In this paper, we present the background and motivation of communication infrastructures in smart grid systems. We also summarize major requirements that smart grid communications must meet. From the experience of several industrial trials on smart grid with communication infrastructures, we expect that the traditional carbon fuel based power plants can cooperate with emerging distributed renewable energy such as wind, solar, etc, to reduce the carbon fuel consumption and consequent green house gas such as carbon dioxide emission. The consumers can minimize their expense on energy by adjusting their intelligent home appliance operations to avoid the peak hours and utilize the renewable energy instead. We further explore the challenges for a communication infrastructure as the part of a complex smart grid system. Since a smart grid system might have over millions of consumers and devices, the demand of its reliability and security is extremely critical. Through a communication infrastructure, a smart grid can improve power reliability and quality to eliminate electricity blackout. Security is a challenging issue since the on-going smart grid systems facing increasing vulnerabilities as more and more automation, remote monitoring/controlling and supervision entities are interconnected.

https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1315&context=electricalengineeringfacpub

A Survey on Smart Grid CommunicationInfrastructures: Motivations, Requirements andChallenges

A simple and novel approach in the design of an extended Kalman filter (EKF) for the measurement of power system frequency has been presented in this paper. The design principles and the validity of the model have been outlined. The performance of this filter has been compared with some of the existing methods for estimating the frequency of a signal under noisy conditions. The feasibility of the proposed filter has been tested in the laboratory under worst-case measurement and network conditions, which might occur in a typical power system. Also, the proof of the stability for the proposed filter has been discussed for a single sinusoid. It has been found that the proposed algorithm is suitable for real-time applications especially when the frequency changes are abrupt and the signal is corrupted with noise and other disturbances due to harmonics.

A novel Kalman filter for frequency estimation of distorted signals in power systems

Requirement of green supply with higher quality has been consumers’ demand around the globe The electrical power system is expected to deliver undistorted sinusoidal rated voltage and current continuously at rated frequency to the consumers This paper presents a comprehensive review of signal processing and intelligent techniques for automatic classification of the power quality (PQ) events and an effect of noise on detection and classification of disturbances It is intended to provide a wide spectrum on the status of detection and classification of PQ disturbances as well as an effect of noise on detection and classification of PQ events to the researchers, designers and engineers working on power quality More than 150 research publications on detection and classification techniques of PQ disturbances have been critically examined, classified and listed for quick reference

A critical review of detection and classification of power quality events

The paper proposes an extended complex Kalman filter and employs it for the estimation of power system frequency in the presence of random noise and distortions. From the discrete values of the 3-phase voltage signals of a power system, a complex voltage vector is formed using the well known /spl alpha//spl beta/-transform. A nonlinear state space formulation is then obtained for this complex signal and an extended Kalman filtering approach is used to compute the true state of the model iteratively with significant noise and harmonic distortions. As the frequency is modeled as a state, the estimation of the state vector yields the unknown power system frequency. Several computer simulations test results are presented in the paper to highlight the usefulness of this approach in estimating near nominal and off-nominal power system frequencies.

http://dspace.nitrkl.ac.in:8080/dspace/bitstream/2080/67/1/pkd10.pdf

Frequency estimation of distorted power system signals using extended complex Kalman filter

Increasing interest in power quality has evolved over the past decade. This paper surveys the literature for current applications of advanced artificial intelligence techniques in power quality (PQ). Applications of some advanced mathematical tools in general, and wavelet transform in particular, in power quality are also reviewed. An extensive collection of literature covering applications of fuzzy logic, expert systems, neural networks, and genetic algorithms in power quality is included. Literature exposing the use of wavelets in power quality analysis as well as data compression is also cited.

Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Mathematical Tools for Power Quality Applications: A Survey

The tailpipe emission caused by the vehicles using internal combustion engines is a significant source of air pollution. To reduce the health hazards caused by air pollution, advanced countries are now adopting the use of Electric Vehicles (EVs). Due to the advancement of electric vehicles, research and development efforts are being made to improve the performance of EV motors. With a nominal reference stator flux, the classical induction motor drive generates significant flux, torque ripple, and current harmonics. In this work, a Teamwork Optimization Algorithm (TOA)-based optimal stator flux strategy is suggested for torque ripple reduction applied in a Classical Direct Torque Controlled Induction Motor (CDTC-IM) drive. The suggested algorithm's responsiveness is investigated under various steady-state and dynamic operating conditions. The proposed Direct Torque Controlled Induction Motor (DTC-IM) drive's simulation results are compared to those of the CDTC-IM and Fuzzy Direct Torque Controlled Induction Motor (FDTC-IM) drives. The proposed system has been evaluated and shown to have reduced torque ripple, flux ripple, current harmonics, and total energy consumption by the motor. Further, a comparative simulation study of the above methods at different standard drive cycles is presented. Experimental verification of the proposed algorithm using OPAL-RT is presented. The results represent the superiority of the proposed algorithm compared to the CDTC- and FDTC-IM drive. The torque ripple reduction approach described in this study can also be applied to all types of induction motors, not only those for electric vehicles or Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs). 

Torque Quality Improvement in Induction Motor for Electric Vehicle Application Based on Teamwork Optimization

A hybrid microgrid is composed of combination of the AC and DC grid which are interlined with bidirectional converter. To avoid the multiple conversion and more reliable the proposed hybrid microgrid is designed by taking diesel generators, Photovoltaic cell, induction generators and battery bank. It is connected to the utility grid in normal operating mode. During fault condition, it should disconnect and shift into island operation mode. This paper proposes a standalone hybrid generation system, fed by induction generator which is run with a battery banks, solar power, and storage battery. Hybrid microgrid is an excellent solution for electrification of remote rural areas where the grid extension is very difficult and not economical. Practically it has been seen that most of the isolated grid is powered by the diesel generation system, such systems has several problems like high cost fuel with extra transportation cost and making more pollution to the environment .To make pollution free environment ,an eco-friendly hybrid microgrid system has designed. It maintains the power quality in steady state condition. During this transient condition, the voltage and frequency of the microgrid may change rapidly due to low inertia present in microgrid. Therefore, local voltage and frequency control is one of the major challenges in islanded condition. To achieve this particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is implemented in the proposed microgrid which is verified by MATLAB Simulink.

/pdf/performance-of-battery-bank-on-hybrid-microgrid-zafks1ctjx.pdf

Performance of battery bank on hybrid microgrid

Various power quality issues can be mitigated by the introduction of power quality conditioner which shows a spectacular performance for grid tied DG system. This paper studied on various power quality issue, unbalance voltage and current distribution with several fault. Adding different adjusting commands which defines the system like existing reference current harmonic current relation with other system parameters, power wavering etc. are taken into account for achieving quality power and maximal gain. It the solo task of the controller to guide the entire system controlling current to generate the triggering signal for CCVSI. All the system parameter like Grid, DG, Controller, MPPT, fault etc. are extensively simulated under MATLAB/SIMULINK platform it is observe that all linear and non-linear load appears as balance load for entire grid. Specifically the faulty unit should isolated from the cascaded system by using sophisticated relays and CBs without affecting the entire system. It is also observed that this novel control strategy satisfactorily mitigate power quality issues without driving the system towards unstable phase. The converters used in this paper have multiple use like active power injector, reactive power compensator harmonic suppressor, power quality conditioner etc. all these task can be extracted either independently or can be performed together. After compensation the source current and source voltage THD value comes below 5% which is suited by IEEE 519 standard

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/8010764/8014556/08014630.pdf

Study on fault of grid tied DG — A novel method for improvement of power quality under unbalanced voltage condition

/pdf/intelligent-image-compression-in-multi-agent-system-5cxapollb5.pdf

Intelligent Image compression in Multi-agent system

DG Grid interfaced system has been focused through this paper. The objective is to improve power quality of the grid, which was polluted by various means. The improvement of power quality of the micro grid includes uses of a specially designed DG, BESS and Power Quality conditioner. The system consists of a two-stage power conversion. Solar PV supplies power for both DC and AC loads. Manufacturer datasheet is used for modeling the PV panel. In order to keep the BUS voltage stable a BESS is joined to DC BUS through power electronic converter, which is used to absorb the excess power whenever production is high and deliver power to the load on low production. The system continues to supply the local loads, incase of grid discontinuity. Thus it eliminates threats of islanding. This paper also focuses on control and stability of DC bus voltage and energy management scheme. The project uses Matlab/Simulink platform for efficient verification. For power quality improvement of Micro Grid it uses 3leg inverter, which is coupled with SPV and MPPT with Battery storage, which is used as compensator for the whole system. For prevention to reduce voltage current and power flow between DG and Grid, it is necessary to have an optimum control. Through the adjustment of power circulation between shunt paired DG ensures current voltage and power on micro grid. +ve, -ve and Zero sequence components of currents and voltage can be adjusted by the suggested methodology in Grid tied DG system. The said PQC have multiple uses. Firstly as a power converter and secondly as a shunt APF for harmonic compensation on voltage, current and power (both active and reactive) for both balanced and unbalanced loads in the Grid tied DG system. It also cares for the neutral conductor. Either individually or in grid connected mode all the above objectives can be achieved. For the entire Grid, it is realized that after compensation three phase four wired un-balance loads looks as balanced linear resistive load for the Grid. All these task significantly replicated on MATLAB/Simulink. After compensation the total harmonic distortion on input voltage and current reduced drastically. IEEE519 in the range of 5% suitably accepts it.

/pdf/pq-improvement-of-micro-grid-by-using-dg-and-power-quality-kgummb4hh7.pdf

Ranjan Kumar Jena

Papers

Torque Quality Improvement in Induction Motor for Electric Vehicle Application Based on Teamwork Optimization

Performance of battery bank on hybrid microgrid

Study on fault of grid tied DG — A novel method for improvement of power quality under unbalanced voltage condition

Intelligent Image compression in Multi-agent system

PQ improvement of Micro-Grid by Using DG and Power Quality Conditioner with BESS