The 11th edition of Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine welcomes Anthony Fauci to its editorial staff, in addition to more than 85 new contributors. While the organization of the book is similar to previous editions, major emphasis has been placed on disorders that affect multiple organ systems. Important advances in genetics, immunology, and oncology are emphasized. Many chapters of the book have been rewritten and describe major advances in internal medicine. Subjects that received only a paragraph or two of attention in previous editions are now covered in entire chapters. Among the chapters that have been extensively revised are the chapters on infections in the compromised host, on skin rashes in infections, on many of the viral infections, including cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus, on sexually transmitted diseases, on diabetes mellitus, on disorders of bone and mineral metabolism, and on lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. The major revisions in these chapters and many

Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine

Most bacteria release membrane vesicles (MVs) that contain specific cargo molecules and have diverse functions, including the transport of virulence factors, DNA transfer, interception of bacteriophages, antibiotics and eukaryotic host defence factors, cell detoxification and bacterial communication. MVs not only are abundant in nature but also show great promise for applications in biomedicine and nanotechnology. MVs were first discovered to originate from controlled blebbing of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and are therefore often called outer-membrane vesicles (OMVs). However, recent work has shown that Gram-positive bacteria can produce MVs, that different types of MVs besides OMVs exist and that, in addition to membrane blebbing, MVs can also be formed by endolysin-triggered cell lysis. In this Review, we provide an overview of the structures and compositions of the various vesicle types and discuss novel formation routes, which may lead to distinct vesicle types that serve particular functions.

Types and origins of bacterial membrane vesicles.

https://jcp.bmj.com/content/jclinpath/33/9/907.1.full.pdf

Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases

/pdf/a-short-course-in-bacterial-genetics-a-laboratory-manual-and-1fwnl84s56.pdf

A Short Course in Bacterial Genetics: A Laboratory Manual and Handbook for Escherichia coli and Related Bacteria . By Jeffrey H. Miller. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 1992. 876 pages. Price $95.00. ISBN 0 87969 349 5.

Changing patterns of infectious disease

Microbial quality of common salad vegetables (viz. carrot, cucumber, tomato and lettuce) collected from Dhaka metropolis was analysed to detect the presence of bacterial pathogens. The occurrence of huge numbers of fecal coliforms (1.0×10 4 - 4.09×10 6 cfu/g), Escherichia coli (1.0×10 4 - 5.0×10 8 cfu/g), Staphylococcus aureus (2.0×10 5 - 5.95×10 7 cfu/g), and Listeria spp. (1.5×10 6 - 6.5×10 7 cfu/g) were detected in all the tested samples. Interestingly, occurrence of viable but non-culturable (VBNC) bacteria was also noticed.

http://www.dhakai.com/botany/journal-December%202012/articles/07.pdf

Prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in common salad vegetables of Dhaka Metropolis

Prevalence of vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) in methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains isolated from burn wound infections

Water related environmental pollution has long been a major concern not only in Bangladesh but also in other developing countries. Present study assessed the pathogenic prevalence in municipal water supplied across Mirpur zone, Dhaka, and its subsequent health impact on the local community. Elevated numbers of pathogenic bacteria including Aeromonas spp., Shigella spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Salmonella spp. were found in the consumer points (n = 30) compared to that of the supply points (n = 10). Additionally, proliferation of fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. was monitored among the consumer points and not in the supply points. Drug resistance was scored against ampicillin (10 µg), ciprofloxacin (5 µg), ceftriazone (30 µg), penicillin (10 µg), nalidixic acid (30 µg), and vancomycin (30 µg). Hence, the municipal water of the study area was microbiologically unsafe, and the propagation of drug resistant strains was assumed to escalate the public health threat. A survey on public opinions was also conducted to evidently chalk out the impact of municipal water on the specific community studied.

Bacterial Proliferation in Municipal Water Supplied in Mirpur Locality of Dhaka City, Bangladesh

A total of 21 isolates were included randomly on the basis of their initial identification by the appearance of metallic sheen and from the biochemical traits to detect virulent markers of diarrhoeagenic E. Coli isolated from surface water. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates were determined against six most commonly used antibiotics. About 52% of the isolates showed resistance to at least one of the antibiotics. About 38% of the isolates were resistant to more than one antibiotics. However, all the isolates were sensitive to gentamicin (CN). Among the 21 isolates, a total of 5 randomly selected isolates were examined for the detection of virulent genes (elt, est and stx) by PCR based method. Among the 5 tested isolates, 3 harbored the gene stx encoding Shiga toxin (Stx) and 2 to elt encoding heat-labile enterotoxin (LT). None of the isolates contained est encoding heat-stable enterotoxin (ST). Data revealed that as the virulent marker genes  were detected, diarrhoeagenic E. coli strains present in the surface water would become a major public health concern. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v36i1.10927 Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 36, No. 1, 109-121, 2012

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Detection of Virulence Potential of Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Surface Water of Rivers Surrounding Dhaka City

Objective : Pathogenic resistance against antibiotics is substantially mounting in the developing countries including Bangladesh. Present study thus attempted to obtain the baseline information on such resistance among the community people coming to the local dispensaries around the city of Dhaka for treatment. Materials and Methods : A total of 2,700 clinical specimens were examined for the presence of Gram positive and Gram negative pathogens. Antibiotic susceptibility tests of the isolates were carried out. Extended spectrum b- lactamase (ESBL) activity, and the presence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and S. epidermidis (MRSE) were also detected. Results : Escherichia coli were most prevalent (45.5%) among 1044 pathogenic bacteria isolated from 2,700 samples. E. coli predominated urine, pus, wound swab, blood, high vaginal swab (HVS) and sputum specimens, and exhibited the highest frequency of ESBL activity (35%). Prevalence of Klebsiella spp. and S. aureus among the clinical specimens were 11.5% and 9.86%, respectively. Most of the Gram negative bacilli were found resistant against ciprofloxacin (5 mg), tetracycline (30 mg) and cotrimoxazole (25 mg). Majority of Pseudomonas spp. were found resistant against most of the commonly used antibiotics. Interestingly, around half of the S. aureus isolates were observed to be methicillin resistant, but not vancomycin resistant. Conclusion : Overall, such a revelation of increased antibiotic resistance demands for restrictive and appropriate antibiotic usage in accordance with the updated antibiotic prescribing policy in Bangladesh. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v12i1.13351 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 12 No. 01 January’13 pp.34-42

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Rashed Noor

Papers

Prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in common salad vegetables of Dhaka Metropolis

Prevalence of vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) in methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains isolated from burn wound infections

Bacterial Proliferation in Municipal Water Supplied in Mirpur Locality of Dhaka City, Bangladesh

Detection of Virulence Potential of Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Surface Water of Rivers Surrounding Dhaka City

Study of antimicrobial susceptibility of clinically significant microorganisms isolated from selected areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh