The viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state, a unique state in which a number of bacteria respond to adverse circumstances, was first discovered in 1982. Unfortunately, it has been reported that many foodborne pathogens can be induced to enter the VBNC state by the limiting environmental conditions during food processing and preservation, such as extreme temperatures, drying, irradiation, pulsed electric field and high pressure stress, as well as the addition of preservatives and disinfectants. After entering the VBNC state, foodborne pathogens will introduce a serious crisis to food safety and public health because they cannot be detected using conventional plate counting techniques. This review provides an overview of the various features of the VBNC state, including the biological characteristics, induction and resuscitation factors, formation and resuscitation mechanisms, detection methods, and relationship to food safety.

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Current Perspectives on Viable but Non-culturable State in Foodborne Pathogens.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infectious diseases at the community level. In order to assess the adequacy of the empirical therapy, the prevalence and the resistance pattern of the main bacteria responsible for UTI in the community (in Aveiro, Portugal) was evaluated throughout a ten-year period. In this retrospective study, all urine samples from patients of the District of Aveiro, in ambulatory regime, collected at the Clinical Analysis Laboratory Avelab during the period 2000–2009 were analysed. Samples with more than 105 CFU/mL bacteria were considered positive and, for these samples, the bacteria were identified and the profile of antibiotic susceptibility was characterized. From the 155597 samples analysed, 18797 (12.1%) were positive for bacterial infection. UTI was more frequent in women (78.5%) and its incidence varied with age, affecting more the elderly patients (38.6%). Although E. coli was, as usual, the most common pathogen implicated in UTI, it were observed differences related to the other bacteria more implicated in UTI relatively to previous studies. The bacteria implicated in the UTI varied with the sex of the patient, being P. aeruginosa a more important cause of infection in men than in women. The incidence of the main bacteria changed over the study period (P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp and Providencia spp increased and Enterobacter spp decreased). Although E. coli was responsible for more than an half of UTI, its resistance to antibiotics was low when compared with other pathogens implicated in UTI, showing also the lowest percentage of multidrug resistant (MDR) isolates (17%). Bacteria isolated from females were less resistant than those isolated from males and this difference increased with the patient age. The differences in sex and age must be taken into account at the moment of empirical prescription of antimicrobials. From the recommended antimicrobials by the European Association of Urology guidelines, the first line drugs (pivmecillinam and nitrofurantoin) and the alternative antibiotic amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMX-CLA) are appropriate to treat community-acquired UTI, but the fluoroquinolones should not be suitable to treat male infections and the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) shall not be used in the treatment of UTI at this level.

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Frequency and antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacteria implicated in community urinary tract infections: a ten-year surveillance study (2000–2009)

Water pollution in Bangladesh and its impact on public health.

CITATION: Horne, D. J., et al. 2019. Xpert MTB/RIF and Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra for pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6:CD009593, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009593.pub4.

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Xpert MTB/RIF and Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra for Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Rifampicin Resistance in Adults

Fresh fruits and vegetables are nutritionally well-recognised as healthy components in diets. The microbiological foodborne outbreaks associated with the consumption of fresh produce have been increasing. Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter spp. and Listeria monocytogenes are the most common pathogens that contaminate fresh produce. This review discusses recent foodborne outbreaks linked to fresh produce, factors that affect microbiological contamination and measures that could be adopted to reduce the foodborne illnesses. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

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Outbreaks and factors influencing microbiological contamination of fresh produce.

Microbial quality of common salad vegetables (viz. carrot, cucumber, tomato and lettuce) collected from Dhaka metropolis was analysed to detect the presence of bacterial pathogens. The occurrence of huge numbers of fecal coliforms (1.0×10 4 - 4.09×10 6 cfu/g), Escherichia coli (1.0×10 4 - 5.0×10 8 cfu/g), Staphylococcus aureus (2.0×10 5 - 5.95×10 7 cfu/g), and Listeria spp. (1.5×10 6 - 6.5×10 7 cfu/g) were detected in all the tested samples. Interestingly, occurrence of viable but non-culturable (VBNC) bacteria was also noticed.

http://www.dhakai.com/botany/journal-December%202012/articles/07.pdf

Prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in common salad vegetables of Dhaka Metropolis

Water related environmental pollution has long been a major concern not only in Bangladesh but also in other developing countries. Present study assessed the pathogenic prevalence in municipal water supplied across Mirpur zone, Dhaka, and its subsequent health impact on the local community. Elevated numbers of pathogenic bacteria including Aeromonas spp., Shigella spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Salmonella spp. were found in the consumer points (n = 30) compared to that of the supply points (n = 10). Additionally, proliferation of fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. was monitored among the consumer points and not in the supply points. Drug resistance was scored against ampicillin (10 µg), ciprofloxacin (5 µg), ceftriazone (30 µg), penicillin (10 µg), nalidixic acid (30 µg), and vancomycin (30 µg). Hence, the municipal water of the study area was microbiologically unsafe, and the propagation of drug resistant strains was assumed to escalate the public health threat. A survey on public opinions was also conducted to evidently chalk out the impact of municipal water on the specific community studied.

Bacterial Proliferation in Municipal Water Supplied in Mirpur Locality of Dhaka City, Bangladesh

Objective : Pathogenic resistance against antibiotics is substantially mounting in the developing countries including Bangladesh. Present study thus attempted to obtain the baseline information on such resistance among the community people coming to the local dispensaries around the city of Dhaka for treatment. Materials and Methods : A total of 2,700 clinical specimens were examined for the presence of Gram positive and Gram negative pathogens. Antibiotic susceptibility tests of the isolates were carried out. Extended spectrum b- lactamase (ESBL) activity, and the presence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and S. epidermidis (MRSE) were also detected. Results : Escherichia coli were most prevalent (45.5%) among 1044 pathogenic bacteria isolated from 2,700 samples. E. coli predominated urine, pus, wound swab, blood, high vaginal swab (HVS) and sputum specimens, and exhibited the highest frequency of ESBL activity (35%). Prevalence of Klebsiella spp. and S. aureus among the clinical specimens were 11.5% and 9.86%, respectively. Most of the Gram negative bacilli were found resistant against ciprofloxacin (5 mg), tetracycline (30 mg) and cotrimoxazole (25 mg). Majority of Pseudomonas spp. were found resistant against most of the commonly used antibiotics. Interestingly, around half of the S. aureus isolates were observed to be methicillin resistant, but not vancomycin resistant. Conclusion : Overall, such a revelation of increased antibiotic resistance demands for restrictive and appropriate antibiotic usage in accordance with the updated antibiotic prescribing policy in Bangladesh. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v12i1.13351 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 12 No. 01 January’13 pp.34-42

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Study of antimicrobial susceptibility of clinically significant microorganisms isolated from selected areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Present study attempted to determine the prevalence of pathogenic microflora along the two major sea fish samples: Rupchanda (Pampus chinensis) and Surmai (Scomberomorus guttatus), collected from local market in Dhaka city. Most of the fishes collected were found to be contaminated with a huge number of pathogens within a range of 2.0×10-1.9×10 cfu.mL or cfu.G. The study of antibiogram showed a number of isolates to be drugresistant. The investigation also endeavored to evaluate the efficiency of gamma (γ) irradiation on the pathogenic reduction besides the traditional means. The pathogenic load was found to be reduced by an irradiation dosage of 3 kilo Gray (kGy).

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Microbiological study of major sea fish available in local markets of dhaka city, bangladesh

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common and occasional recurrent bacterial illness with an increasing resistance to antimicrobials. Antibiotic resistance in UTI is a growing public health problem in the world including Bangladesh. The study objective was to examine the present incidence of UTIs in Bangladesh in a point period of time from January to December 2007. A retrospective data analysis of culture results of urinary pathogens was performed. The data was collected from the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory of International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B). The data included culture results of 9,854 urine samples and only Gram-negative isolates irrespective of age groups were analyzed. The prevalence of UTI was observed in 24.14%. It was observed that out of 2,379 uropathogens Escherichia coli (66.92%) was the most prevalent isolate followed by Klebsiella spp. (13.45%), Proteus spp. (6.77%) and Pseudomonas spp. (6.77%). The percentage of resistance to different antibiotics was higher in E. coli , Klebsiella spp. and Pseudomonas spp. isolates compared to that of others. Among the total number of isolates the resistant rate of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. to ampicillin was 86.09% and 83.33% and to cotrimoxazole was 67.61% and 59.81%, their resistance rate to nalidixic acid was 83.28% and 61.54%. All other isolates also showed above 80% resistance to ampicillin and above 50% to cotrimoxazole whereas imipenem was found to be the most effective against the uropathogens followed by amikacin. Key Words: Urinary tract infection; Antimicrobial resistance; Uropathogens; Bacteriuria; Gram-negative bacteria DOI: 10.3329/sjps.v2i1.5815 Stamford Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol.2(1) 2009: 44-50

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Farjana Rahman

Papers

Prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in common salad vegetables of Dhaka Metropolis

Bacterial Proliferation in Municipal Water Supplied in Mirpur Locality of Dhaka City, Bangladesh

Study of antimicrobial susceptibility of clinically significant microorganisms isolated from selected areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Microbiological study of major sea fish available in local markets of dhaka city, bangladesh

Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Gram- negative Bacteria Causing Urinary Tract Infection.