International Journal of Computer and Applications

The surge in global population is compelling a shift toward smart agriculture practices. This coupled with the diminishing natural resources, limited availability of arable land, increase in unpredictable weather conditions makes food security a major concern for most countries. As a result, the use of Internet of Things (IoT) and data analytics (DA) are employed to enhance the operational efficiency and productivity in the agriculture sector. There is a paradigm shift from use of wireless sensor network (WSN) as a major driver of smart agriculture to the use of IoT and DA. The IoT integrates several existing technologies, such as WSN, radio frequency identification, cloud computing, middleware systems, and end-user applications. In this paper, several benefits and challenges of IoT have been identified. We present the IoT ecosystem and how the combination of IoT and DA is enabling smart agriculture. Furthermore, we provide future trends and opportunities which are categorized into technological innovations, application scenarios, business, and marketability.

An Overview of Internet of Things (IoT) and Data Analytics in Agriculture: Benefits and Challenges

IoT and agriculture data analysis for smart farm

Agriculture automation is the main concern and emerging subject for every country. The world population is increasing at a very fast rate and with increase in population the need for food increases briskly. Traditional methods used by farmers aren't sufficient enough to serve the increasing demand and so they have to hamper the soil by using harmful pesticides in an intensified manner. This affects the agricultural practice a lot and in the end the land remains barren with no fertility. This paper talks about different automation practices like IOT, Wireless Communications, Machine learning and Artificial Intelligence, Deep learning. There are some areas which are causing the problems to agriculture field like crop diseases, lack of storage management, pesticide control, weed management, lack of irrigation and water management and all this problems can be solved by above mentioned different techniques. Today, there is an urgent need to decipher the issues like use of harmful pesticides, controlled irrigation, control on pollution and effects of environment in agricultural practice. Automation of farming practices has proved to increase the gain from the soil and also has strengthened the soil fertility. This paper surveys the work of many researchers to get a brief overview about the current implementation of automation in agriculture. The paper also discusses a proposed system which can be implemented in botanical farm for flower and leaf identification and watering using IOT.

A comprehensive review on automation in agriculture using artificial intelligence

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can be used in agriculture to provide farmers with a large amount of information. Precision agriculture (PA) is a management strategy that employs information technology to improve quality and production. Utilizing wireless sensor technologies and management tools can lead to a highly effective, green agriculture. Based on PA management, the same routine to a crop regardless of site environments can be avoided. From several perspectives, field management can improve PA, including the provision of adequate nutrients for crops and the wastage of pesticides for the effective control of weeds, pests, and diseases. This review outlines the recent applications of WSNs in agriculture research as well as classifies and compares various wireless communication protocols, the taxonomy of energy-efficient and energy harvesting techniques for WSNs that can be used in agricultural monitoring systems, and comparison between early research works on agriculture-based WSNs. The challenges and limitations of WSNs in the agricultural domain are explored, and several power reduction and agricultural management techniques for long-term monitoring are highlighted. These approaches may also increase the number of opportunities for processing Internet of Things (IoT) data.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/8/1781/pdf

Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks for Precision Agriculture: A Review.

Internet of Things (IoT) conceptualizes the idea of remotely connecting and monitoring real world objects (things) through the Internet [1]. When it comes to our house, this concept can be aptly incorporated to make it smarter, safer and automated. This IoT project focuses on building a smart wireless home security system which sends alerts to the owner by using Internet in case of any trespass and raises an alarm optionally. Besides, the same can also be utilized for home automation by making use of the same set of sensors. The leverage obtained by prefering this system over the similar kinds of existing systems is that the alerts and the status sent by the wifi connected microcontroller managed system can be received by the user on his phone from any distance irrespective of whether his mobile phone is connected to the internet. The microcontroller used in the current prototype is the TI-CC3200 Launchpad board which comes with an embedded micro-controller and an onboard Wi-Fi shield making use of which all the elctrical appliances inside the home can be controlled and managed.

IoT based smart security and home automation system

By the virtue of blooming automation industry and wireless connectivity, all the devices within the home can be connected. This improves the comfort, energy efficiency, indoor security, cost savings of the home. Small and constrained embedded devices are used to remotely monitor the conditions within home and control the home appliances. In such case, power consumption and network bandwidth become a major concern. We need a low power device that transmits messages through a less verbose protocol. Owing to the ubiquitous availability of WiFi, all the appliances within home can be connected through a common gateway. This paper presents an overview of a light weight Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol. In the prototype, we attempt to implement MQTT on ESP8266, a WiFi based development board. Sensors and actuators are connected to ESP8266 and a Mosquitto based MQTT broker is established for remote monitoring and control.

MQTT based home automation system using ESP8266

Internet of Things (IoT) is a computing process, where each physical object is equipped with sensors, microcontrollers and transceivers for empowering communication and is built with suitable protocol stacks which help them interacting with each other and communicating with the users. In IoT based healthcare, diverse distributed devices aggregate, analyse and communicate real time medical information to the cloud, thus making it possible to collect, store and analyse the large amount of data in several new forms and activate context based alarms. This novel information acquisition paradigm allows continuous and ubiquitous medical information access from any connected device over the Internet. As each one of the devices used in IoT are limited in battery power, it is optimal to minimise the power consumption to enhance the life of the healthcare system. This work explains the implementation of an IoT based In-hospital healthcare system using ZigBee mesh protocol. The healthcare system implementation can periodically monitor the physiological parameters of the In-hospital patients. Thus, IoT empowered devices simultaneously enhance the quality of care with regular monitoring and reduce the cost of care and actively engage in data collection and analysis of the same.

An implementation of IoT for healthcare

This work is primarily about the improvement of current agricultural practices by using modern technologies for better yield. This work provides a model of a smart greenhouse, which helps the farmers to carry out the work in a farm automatically without the use of much manual inspection. Greenhouse, [1], [2] being a closed structure protects the plants from extreme weather conditions namely: wind, hailstorm, ultraviolet radiations, and insect and pest attacks. The irrigation of agriculture field is carried out using automatic drip irrigation, which operates according to the soil moisture threshold set accordingly so as optimal amount of water is applied to the plants. Based on data from soil health card, proper amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other minerals can be applied by using drip fertigation techniques. Proper water management tanks are constructed and they are filled with water after measuring the current water level using an ultrasonic sensor. Plants are also provided the requisite wavelength light during the night using growing lights. Temperature and air humidity are controlled by humidity and temperature sensors and a fogger is used to control the same. A tube well is controlled using GSM [3] module (missed call or sms). Bee-hive boxes are deployed for pollination and boxes are monitored using ultrasonic sensors to measure honey and send mails to the buyers when they are filled. Further, the readings collected from storage containers are uploaded to cloud service (Google drive) and can be forwarded to an e-commerce company.

IoT based smart greenhouse

A weather station can be described as an instrument or device, which provides us with the information of the weather in our neighbouring environment. For example it can provide us with details about the surrounding temperature, barometric pressure, humidity, etc. Hence, this device basically senses the temperature, pressure, humidity, light intensity, rain value. There are various types of sensors present in the prototype, using which all the aforementioned parameters can be measured. It can be used to monitor the temperature or humidity of a particular room/place. With the help of temperature and humidity we can calculate other data parameters, such as the dew point. In addition to the above mentioned functionalities, we can monitor the light intensity of the place as well. We have also enabled to monitor the atmospheric pressure of the room. We can also monitor the rain value. The brain of the prototype is the ESP8266 based Wi-fi module Nodemcu (12E). Four sensors are connected to the NodeMCU namely temperature and humidity sensor(DHT11), pressure sensor(BMP180), raindrop module, and light dependent resistor(LDR). Whenever these values exceed a chosen threshold limit for each an SMS, an E-mail and a Tweet post is published alerting the owner of the appliance to take necessary measures.

Ravi Kishore Kodali

Papers

IoT based smart security and home automation system

MQTT based home automation system using ESP8266

An implementation of IoT for healthcare

IoT based smart greenhouse

IoT based weather station