This paper reviews recent progress made in identifying electrocatalysts for carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction to produce low-carbon fuels, including CO, HCOOH/HCOO−, CH2O, CH4, H2C2O4/HC2O4−, C2H4, CH3OH, CH3CH2OH and others. The electrocatalysts are classified into several categories, including metals, metal alloys, metal oxides, metal complexes, polymers/clusters, enzymes and organic molecules. The catalyts' activity, product selectivity, Faradaic efficiency, catalytic stability and reduction mechanisms during CO2 electroreduction have received detailed treatment. In particular, we review the effects of electrode potential, solution–electrolyte type and composition, temperature, pressure, and other conditions on these catalyst properties. The challenges in achieving highly active and stable CO2 reduction electrocatalysts are analyzed, and several research directions for practical applications are proposed, with the aim of mitigating performance degradation, overcoming additional challenges, and facilitating research and development in this area.

A review of catalysts for the electroreduction of carbon dioxide to produce low-carbon fuels

Photoluminescence Properties of Multinuclear Copper(I) Compounds.

A stereochemical study of polyhedral eight-vertex structures is presented, based on continuous shape measures (CShM). Reference polyhedra, shape maps, and minimal-distortion interconversion paths are presented for eight-vertex polyhedral and polygonal structures within the CShM framework. The application of these stereochemical tools is analyzed for several families of experimental structures: 1) coordination polyhedra of molecular transition-metal coordination compounds, classified by electron configuration and ligands; 2) edge-bonded polyhedra, including cubane structures, realgar, and metal clusters; 3) octanuclear transition-metal supramolecular architectures; and 4) coordination polyhedra in extended structures in inorganic solids. Structural classification is shown to be greatly facilitated by these tools, and the detection of less common structures, such as the gyrobifastigium, is straightforward.

The Rich Stereochemistry of Eight‐Vertex Polyhedra: A Continuous Shape Measures Study

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Vapochromism in organometallic and coordination complexes: chemical sensors for volatile organic compounds.

5.1.2. Viscosity and Thermal Denaturation 1874 5.1.3. Induced Circular Dichroism 1875 5.1.4. Competitive Fluorescence Spectroscopy 1875 5.1.5. Closed Circular DNA 1876 5.1.6. Stereochemical Changes in DNA 1876 5.1.7. Site-Specific Intercalation 1877 5.1.8. Other Mononuclear Intercalators 1877 5.1.9. Multinuclear Intercalators 1878 5.2. Covalent Binding to Biomolecules 1881 5.3. Labeling Biomolecules 1882 5.4. Cytotoxicity 1885 5.4.1. Chemotherapeutic Agents 1886 5.4.2. Radiotherapeutic Agents 1892 6. Conclusion 1892 7. Acknowledgments 1892 8. References 1893

Square-planar Pd(II), Pt(II), and Au(III) terpyridine complexes: their syntheses, physical properties, supramolecular constructs, and biomedical activities.

Reactions of metal carbonyl derivatives : VII. Reactions of chloro- and iododicarbonyl-π-cyclopentadienyliron with some tertiary phosphines and phosphites☆☆☆

Reactions of metal carbonyl derivatives. I. Monosubstituted derivatives of tetracarbonyldi-.pi.-cyclopentadienyldiiron and their iodination reactions

The synthesis and characterisation of 4′-(2‴-methylphenyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine [4′-(o-CH3–Ph)trpy] and 4′-(2‴-trifluoromethylphenyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine [4′-(o-CF3–Ph)trpy] are described. Reaction of these ligands with [Pt(PhCN)2Cl2] in the presence of the appropriate silver salt afforded [Pt{4′-(o-CH3–Ph)trpy}Cl]A and [Pt{4′-(o-CF3–Ph)trpy}Cl]A (A = BF4 or SbF6). The crystal structure of the SbF6− salt of the [Pt{4′-(o-CH3–Ph)trpy}Cl]+ cation consists of columns of cations and anions with the cations stacked parallel and head-to-tail and with a constant Pt⋯Pt distance [3.368(1) A] and interplanar spacing (3.36 A)
along the stack. Crystals of the BF4− salt also contain columns of cations and anions with the cations stacked parallel and head-to-tail. However, the platinum atoms of successive cation pairs are offset to different extents with respect to a line drawn perpendicular to the stack. As a result the Pt⋯Pt distances along the stack alternate between 3.573(1) and 3.827(1) A while the interplanar spacing is within experimental error, constant at an average value of 3.42 A. The [Pt{4′-(o-CF3–Ph)trpy}Cl]SbF6 salt exhibits the same packing motif but with alternating Pt⋯Pt distances of 3.629(1) and 3.685(1) A and an average interplanar spacing of 3.46 A. The variable temperature emission spectra recorded on microcrystalline samples of these compounds reflect the environments of the cations in the crystals. The red [Pt{4′-(o-CH3–Ph)trpy}Cl]SbF6
salt exhibits 3MMLCT (MMLCT = metal–metal–ligand-charge-transfer) emission [λ(em)max
= 616 nm] that is distinguished by a large red-shift of ca. 60 nm in the emission maximum when the sample is cooled from room temperature to 80 K; such a red-shift is associated with strong platinum dz2–dz2 orbital interactions perpendicular to the cation stack. The other three salts are yellow with broad featureless emission spectra that do not change position when the temperature is lowered but which are red-shifted when compared to the low temperature dilute glass spectrum recorded for [Pt{4′-(o-CH3–Ph)trpy}Cl]SbF6 in a dimethylformamide/methanol/ethanol (1 ∶ 5 ∶ 5) mixture; this is interpreted in terms of excimeric emission consistent with the presence of π–π interactions in the solid.
The roles of the ortho-substituents (CH3 and CF3) and the anions (SbF6− and BF4−) in determining the precise arrangements of the cations in the crystals and hence the photoluminescence properties of these materials are briefly discussed.

Tuning solid emission by salts of the [Pt{4′-(o-CH3–Ph)trpy}Cl]+ and [Pt{4′-(o-CF3–Ph)trpy}Cl]+ luminophores: crystal structures of [Pt{4′-(o-CH3–Ph)trpy}Cl]A (A = BF4 or SbF6) and [Pt{4′-(o-CF3–Ph)trpy}Cl]SbF6 (trpy = 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine)

Reactions of metal carbonyl derivatives. VIII. Oxidation reactions of some ditertiary phosphine derivatives of bis(dicarbonyl-.pi.-cyclopentadienyliron)

Raymond J. Haines

Papers

Reactions of metal carbonyl derivatives : VII. Reactions of chloro- and iododicarbonyl-π-cyclopentadienyliron with some tertiary phosphines and phosphites☆☆☆

Reactions of metal carbonyl derivatives. I. Monosubstituted derivatives of tetracarbonyldi-.pi.-cyclopentadienyldiiron and their iodination reactions

Tuning solid emission by salts of the [Pt{4′-(o-CH3–Ph)trpy}Cl]+ and [Pt{4′-(o-CF3–Ph)trpy}Cl]+ luminophores: crystal structures of [Pt{4′-(o-CH3–Ph)trpy}Cl]A (A = BF4 or SbF6) and [Pt{4′-(o-CF3–Ph)trpy}Cl]SbF6 (trpy = 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine)

Reactions of metal carbonyl derivatives. VIII. Oxidation reactions of some ditertiary phosphine derivatives of bis(dicarbonyl-.pi.-cyclopentadienyliron)

Condensation as well as trinuclear products from the reaction of triruthenium dodecacarbonyl with diphenylphosphine