BY AND LARGE, ACADEMIC HISTORIANS do not write biographies. But there are exceptions, like the authors under consideration here. Rusty Bittermann and Ian Ross Robertson are well-known historians of Prince Edward Island, whose earlier work focused on the Islanders’ fight against landlordism.1 Bittermann’s biography of William Cooper, leader of the failed Escheat movement of the 1830s, and of his California-bound children, and his collective biography of female Island landlords (co-authored with Margaret McCallum) are derived from his earlier work. This is not the case with Robertson: Andrew Macphail was not a protagonist in the events depicted in his previous book. Born shortly before the demise of landlordism, he is one of the Island’s famous sons. The two authors differ in their approach to biographical writing. Bittermann makes us see larger issues from the vantage point of the individuals affected by them; Robertson, on the other hand, concentrates on his subject with only occasional glimpses at the context. Bittermann and McCallum’s Lady Landlords of Prince Edward Island (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2008) looks at the landlord issue from an angle frequently overlooked: that of the landlords (who have often hitherto been reduced to one-dimensional cardboard villains), and more particularly of the female landlords (who controlled about a quarter of the Island acreage when they were bought out). The book’s protagonists are four elite women: the Saunders sisters, Ann and Jane, who married respectively Robert Dundas, later Viscount Melville, and John Fane, tenth earl of Westmorland (Jane was his second wife); Jane’s only daughter and heiress, Georgiana Fane; and Charlotte, daughter of Laurence Sulivan (23, 51). The latter two never married. Ann died in 1841, after the defeat of the escheat movement, and Jane in 1858, a few years after the passage of the 1853 Land Purchase Act (which provided for the voluntary sale of proprietors’ land to the Island’s government) (49, 77). Georgiana lived until 1874, a few months before the passage of the Land Purchase Act that forced the remaining landlords to sell, while Charlotte died in 1911 (107, 130). Charlotte’s father had been one of the 12 landlords who signed the Fifteen Year Purchase Bill in 1864 by which tenants with long leases could purchase their holding for the equivalent of 15 years’ rent, plus arrears back to 1858 (121-2). She, however, resisted pressures to sell until the end, and even went to court to challenge the constitutionality of the 1875 legislation (135-6). She lost, and her loss marked the definitive end of landlordism on the Island. While the book sheds light on the motivations of some of those who resisted selling their land holdings, it is not really about lady landlords in general. Fifty-seven estates were bought under the terms of the 1875 Act; 16 of them (28 per cent) were held by women and 5 of them (9 per cent) by a husband and his wife. The female-held estates

The Art of Biography.

The Evangelical Conversion Narrative: Spiritual Autobiography in Early Modern England By D Bruce Hindmarsh (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, Pp xiii, 384 $11000) The English conversion narrative is hardly a neglected topic, but this new study offers fresh approaches and an array of intriguing insights based on a mountain of scholarship The core of the book deals with the period from the 1730s to the 1790s Its author, Bruce Hindmarsh of Regent College in Vancouver, discusses the Methodists in some detail, as might be expected, but he also includes Moravians, Scottish Presbyterians, Anglican Evangelicals, and the "Old Dissenters" On the whole, it is an outstanding monograph Before arriving at the main part of his work, Hindmarsh provides extensive background information-often too extensive At times, it seems as if he were under the spell of an obsessive thesis advisor who demands discussions of antecedents ad infinitum Among other things, Hindmarsh traces his subject back through the Puritan era to the Renaissance, with further glances at the Middle Ages and the ancient world He follows many others in concluding that widespread discussion of inwardness in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries actually corresponded with a new sense of inwardness, especially with regard to the importance of inward conversions The author furnishes a useful survey of early spiritual autobiographies in England, but he inexplicably gives short shrift to James Jan eway and his Token for Children (London, 1671) Versions of the Token were being published in large numbers as late as the nineteenth century, and there were also numerous imitators featuring early conversions as prerequisites to the "happy deaths" of children Surely this influential literature deserves more than a comment in a footnote (56 n 72) When the author finally turns his attention to George Whitefield and John and Charles Wesley, he has to admit that they relied on their printed journals to present significant autobiographical episodes to the public This causes Hindmarsh, characteristically, to backtrack and give his readers a history of the journal form When he finally turns to the early Methodistjournals, his analysis bristies with unexpected insights It is soon after this discussion that a major flaw in Hindmarsh's research strategy becomes apparent When confronted with thousands of conversion accounts, he naturally had to rely on samples In most cases, these samples turn out to be convenient clusters of accounts that are often quite narrow in geographical or chronological focus (and sometimes narrow in both senses) For the Moravians, he concentrates especially on the manuscript memoirs at the Moravian Church House in London and largely ignores contemporary printed autobiographies, including diose found in periodicals For the Scots Presbyterians, he relies heavily on accounts from the 1742 revival that were gathered by a Cambuslang minister …

The Evangelical Conversion Narrative: Spiritual Autobiography in Early Modern England

While illness in literature has become a rich subfield of critical enquiry, especially in relation to nineteenth-century fiction, the subject of health is mostly overlooked. This thesis seeks to redress the balance, by examining the literary representation of health in a selection of mid nineteenth-century novels, alongside medical and non-medical contemporaneous sources, in order to uncover the range of textual meanings that health is required to convey. The principal aim is to demonstrate that fictional representations of health reflect on and respond to the pervasive culture of health present in the mid-nineteenth century. 

Each of the six chapters explores one dimension of the meaning of health in literary works by George Eliot, Elizabeth Gaskell, Charles Dickens, and Charlotte, Anne, and Emily Bronte. The first two chapters explore the instability of health and the ever-present risk of illness: chapter one considers the vulnerability of health related to social and medical developments, while chapter two examines the relationship between health, morality, and power. The third and fourth chapters consider the tensions and oppositions between health and illness: chapter three examines the relationship between health, vitality, and morbidity, and chapter four explores the performance of health. The final two chapters examine recoveries and returns to health: chapter five considers the relationship between health, action, and occupation, while chapter six identifies a pattern of recovery across individual episodes in five novels by Dickens. 

These exploratory analyses of fictional representations of health situate the novels in a wider context of Victorian health discourse while demonstrating that health has a surprisingly subtle range of textual meanings and significances, rather than being an invisible or self-evident category of experience. The fictional representation of health and the healthy body reflects the vital significance of the cultural practice of health in the middle decades of the nineteenth century.

'Among the healthy and the happy' : representations of health in novels of the mid-nineteenth century

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Poetical Works of William Wordsworth

ix Chapter 1 1 Overview of the Research 1 1.1 Origins of the research concept 1 1.2 Research questions and theoretical framing 6 1.3 Specifics of the research 8 1.4 A brief overview of the fields of inquiry: identity and rhetoric 11 1.5 The organisation of the thesis 15 Chapter 2 17 Reconnoitring Religion 17 2.1 Defining religion 17 2.2 Religion and Society 20 2.3 Power, biblical interpretation and the construction of religious identity .... 27 Summary 36 Chapter 3 37 Identity & Identification 37 Introduction 37 3.1 Identity: product of social interaction 38 3.2 Social Identity 41 3.3 Image, identity and action: constructing organisational identification ....... 44 Summary 51 Chapter 4 52 Methodology & Method 52 Introduction 52 4.1 Research paradigm 53 4.2 Persuasive communication and rhetoric 56 4.3 Kenneth Burke and George Cheney: Perceptions on rhetoric and identity 62 4.4 Limitations 69

Church communication and constructions of the self: exploring identity & identification in church communication

Examining popular fiction, life writing, poetry and political works, Rebecca Styler explores women's contributions to theology in the nineteenth century. Female writers acted as amateur theologians through the use of secular literary forms, through which they questioned the Christian tradition relative to contemporary concerns about political ethics, gender identity, and personal meaning. Each writer negotiates the gendered constraints and opportunities available to her particular religious setting and her chosen literary genre. Expressing frustrations with their inherited religious tradition, each nonetheless finds resources within it to reconfigure Christianity in creative and earthly ways, to meet pressing personal and social needs. Subjects include the novelist Emma Worboise, Anne Bronte's poetry, Harriet Martineau's Unitarian writings, Josephine Butler's campaign literature, and collective biographies of Bible women by writers including Clara Balfour, Sarah Hale and Anna Jameson.

Literary Theology by Women Writers of the Nineteenth Century

In what ways does life writing explore relational selfhood? How do auto/ biographies, diaries, letters, and portraits represent inter-personal as well as personal experience? In shaping the account of a life, what role is played by the relationships between the subject and his/her family, peers, religious and political movements, or intellectual discourses? How does the text give form to the relationship between biographer, subject, and imagined reader? What records of collective life do we have and what critical methods can we adopt to challenge the individualistic tendency that has prevailed in traditional approaches to auto/ biography? The papers in this volume emerged from a conference called ‘Lives in Relation’ which was held at the University of Lincoln, UK, in 2009, and which sought to address the issues above, by bringing together contributions from the humanities disciplines on life writing in its various forms. The theme of relationality was chosen with the sense that there has been a shift within life writing (both its practice and criticism) away from the traditional emphasis on the autonomous individual who stands out of his or her milieu in favour of considerations of the relationality inherent in individual lives. The concept of the autonomous, unified self, the source of its own meaning and action as a selfdetermined agent, has been challenged by poststructuralist and psychoanalytic approaches to selfhood and language. In addition, feminist critics have demonstrated the inadequacy of individualism for understanding traditions of women’s life writing, both in terms of their textual forms and conceptions of personal identity. These critical approaches have contributed to new ways of writing and interpreting life narratives. In terms of scholarship on life writing, we have now moved beyond a gendered reading of relationality as a distinctly feminine category or female practice, to recognise the relational structures underpinning all life writing texts*a claim borne out by two essays in this volume: Holly Furneaux’s discussion of John Forster’s biography of Charles Dickens as a testament to male friendship, and Arlene Leis’ consideration of the artist Jean-François Rigaud’s group portraits as emblems of professional association. As a consequence of this critical shift, life writing in forms with obviously relational structures, such as the letter and family memoir, have gained in status in relation Life Writing VOLUME 8 NUMBER 3 (SEPTEMBER 2011)

Editorial: Lives in Relation

Josephine Butler, controversial and pioneering feminist reformer of the late nineteenth-century, never wrote an autobiography, but she articulated self-understandings indirectly through writing deeply self-reflexive constructions of others’ lives. While this strategy has been recognised in isolated biographies, I show Butler’s auto/biography as a serial process, comparing John Grey of Dilston (1869) with Catharine of Siena (1878) to show how Butler’s conceptions of herself changed significantly in the early part of her career. She moves from modelling herself on the gender-transcendent liberal reformer, to modelling herself on the radical female prophet, whose sex was a vital qualification for spiritual and political power. Finding she could no longer position her feminist campaign within the broad cause of Victorian liberal reform, Butler turned from her paternal examplar to a medieval female saint-prophet, whose authority was located in her outsider status and in her intrinsically womanly nature. This comparative discussion, enlightened by reference to Butler’s unpublished letters, shows Butler’s change from positioning her public work within the reform tradition of liberalism to that of apocalyptic feminism. It also sheds a new light on Victorian women’s coded strategies of self-representation, and more generically into the use of sequential biographies as vehicles for articulating changing self-conceptions.

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Josephine Butler’s Serial Auto/Biography: Writing the Changing Self through the Lives of Others

Elizabeth Gaskell uses Gothic as a symbolic language to explore the dark side of Unitarian thought. She explores, in rationalist terms, evil's origins, effects and remedy, using Gothic tropes as metaphors for humanly created misery. Gaskell locates the roots of 'evil' in an unenlightened social order, and its remedy in self-sacrifical giving which reverses the effects of injustice. The article studies 'The Crooked Branch' and 'The Poor Clare', with some reference to 'Lois the Witch'. The social and familial construction of evil are addressed, as well as tensions between moral determinism and personal responsibility, and Gaskell's attitudes to salvation theology and aspects of Roman Catholicism.

The Problem of ‘Evil’ in Elizabeth Gaskell's Gothic Tales

Anna Jameson and Mary Howitt, two Victorian professional women of letters, unusually chose to express their spiritual autobiographies through the popular narrative of childhood. They interpreted their childhood experience to embody and promote their adult religious views, Jameson in her 1854 ‘Revelation of Childhood’ and Howitt in her 1889 Autobiography. Both writers deploy images of childhood as popularised through Romantic discourse to achieve this. The child's association with innocence and natural wisdom lends authority to their views, and the idealisation of childhood imagination in particular lends itself to express the adult writers' commitment to ‘Romantic’ religion. Both use the childhood spiritual autobiography to protest against dogmatic, formalised religion in the name of a spirituality based on imagination and feeling. These self-constructions have feminist implications as the women reject patriarchal authorities to form independent religious views, and to implicitly claim a spiritual authori...

Rebecca Styler

Papers

Literary Theology by Women Writers of the Nineteenth Century

Editorial: Lives in Relation

Josephine Butler’s Serial Auto/Biography: Writing the Changing Self through the Lives of Others

The Problem of ‘Evil’ in Elizabeth Gaskell's Gothic Tales

Revelations of Romantic Childhood: Anna Jameson, Mary Howitt, and Victorian Women's Spiritual Autobiography