The questionnaires from the field were received, checked and stored by the data processing personnel. They checked: 1. The completeness of the questionnaires 2. The correct bubbling 3. The correct number of questionnaires per household, if total males + total females > 8 as the questionnaire ONLY accommodated maximum of 8 household members. 4. The reference number appears in all the 10 pages of the questionnaires.

Population and Housing Census

Background
Infant acute pain and distress is commonplace. Infancy is a period of exponential development. Unrelieved pain and distress can have implications across the lifespan.  This is an update of a previously published review in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 10 2011 entitled 'Non-pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain'.

Objectives
To assess the efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions for infant and child (up to three years) acute pain, excluding kangaroo care, and music. Analyses were run separately for infant age (preterm, neonate, older) and pain response (pain reactivity, immediate pain regulation). 

Search methods
For this update, we searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in The Cochrane Library (Issue 2 of 12, 2015), MEDLINE-Ovid platform (March 2015), EMBASE-OVID platform (April 2011 to March 2015), PsycINFO-OVID platform (April 2011 to February 2015), and CINAHL-EBSCO platform (April 2011 to March 2015). We also searched reference lists and contacted researchers via electronic list-serves. New studies were incorporated into the review. We refined search strategies with a Cochrane-affiliated librarian. For this update, nine articles from the original 2011 review pertaining to Kangaroo Care were excluded, but 21 additional studies were added.

Selection criteria
Participants included infants from birth to three years. Only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or RCT cross-overs that had a no-treatment control comparison were eligible for inclusion in the analyses. However, when the additive effects of a non-pharmacological intervention could be assessed, these studies were also included. We examined studies that met all inclusion criteria except for study design (e.g. had an active control) to qualitatively contextualize results. There were 63 included articles in the current update.

Data collection and analysis
Study quality ratings and risk of bias were based on the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and GRADE approach. We analysed the standardized mean difference (SMD) using the generic inverse variance method.

Main results
Sixty-three studies, with 4905 participants, were analysed. The most commonly studied acute procedures were heel-sticks (32 studies) and needles (17 studies). The largest SMD for treatment improvement over control conditions on pain reactivity were: non-nutritive sucking-related interventions (neonate: SMD -1.20, 95% CI -2.01 to -0.38) and swaddling/facilitated tucking (preterm: SMD -0.89; 95% CI -1.37 to -0.40). For immediate pain regulation, the largest SMDs were: non-nutritive sucking-related interventions (preterm: SMD -0.43; 95% CI -0.63 to -0.23; neonate: SMD -0.90; 95% CI -1.54 to -0.25; older infant: SMD -1.34; 95% CI -2.14 to -0.54), swaddling/facilitated tucking (preterm: SMD -0.71; 95% CI -1.00 to -0.43), and rocking/holding (neonate: SMD -0.75; 95% CI -1.20 to -0.30). Fifty two of our 63 trials did not report adverse events. The presence of significant heterogeneity limited our confidence in the findings for certain analyses, as did the preponderance of very low quality evidence.

Authors' conclusions
There is evidence that different non-pharmacological interventions can be used with preterms, neonates, and older infants to significantly manage pain behaviors associated with acutely painful procedures. The most established evidence was for non-nutritive sucking, swaddling/facilitated tucking, and rocking/holding. All analyses reflected that more research is needed to bolster our confidence in the direction of the findings. There are significant gaps in the existing literature on non-pharmacological management of acute pain in infancy.

Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain

deplorable state of affairs are, first, minimum and maximum speed limits, which would reduce the velocity of impact in collisions, and, secondly, segregation of lorries and vans from other vehicles, perhaps by prohibiting heavy vehicles from using the fast lane. They draw attention to a \" dangerous combination of youth, high-performance cars, long journeys -particularly at week-ends-going to sleep at the wheel \"; and point to the curious fact that about two-thirds of the fatal accidents were in south-bound traffic. More motorways have been built since the M. 1 and more are on the way. But nobody who has driven on one is likely to dissent from Gissane and Bull's conclusion that \" motorways demand new standards of driving skills and user behaviour.\" A very different aspect of \"user behaviour\" was the subject of an investigation by Dr. Kaare Solheim, who reports at page 81 of the B.M.7. on the deaths of 168 pedestrians killed in Oslo. In contrast to a motorway the streets of a city are usually thronged with pedestrians, and two features of those in Solheim's series are worth noting. These are, first, that 55% of them were aged 60 or older, and, secondly, that 20% of those aged 20 or older were intoxicated (that is, had a blood-alcohol concentration higher than 0.05%). Tests of the amount of alcohol consumed by people involved in road accidents are likely to come into practical use in Great Britain, and the report by T. B. Begg and his colleagues in the B.M.J. last week showed how efficient measuring alcohol in the breath can be with both the breathalyzer and the Kitagawa-Wright apparatus. As Dr. Solheim rightly concludes, \" the pedestrian must be educated in road safety as well as the motorist,\" though the many elderly people among the killed suggests that education of this sort is only a small part of the problem. That children need the protection of crossings patrolled by an adult is now well recognized from experience in the neighbourhood of schools, but the vulnerability of old people with failing senses is something for which the community is not yet making sufficient allowance on the road. While the main effort of the Road Research Laboratory has been directed into engineering technology, there is surely a case for greatly increasing the amount of research into the human factors causing road accidents One little-studied factor is the taking of risks. The presence of a single factor by itself rarely produces an accident. A combination of two factors is rather more likely to do so; and in general the greater the number of factors the more certain it is that an accident will occur. In principle it is possible to compute from their separate occurrences the frequency with which one or more factors will be present simultaneously. The way to prevent a combination of factors, and hence an accident, is to reduce the frequency of all the individual factors, not merely those directly related to the nature of the road. This means studying levels of risk taking. It is clear from the statistics of insurance companies that people differ in the average level of risk which they will accept. But it is possible that variability in the accepted level of risk may be more important in the causation of accidents. A person who consistently takes very slight risks may be less of a menace than a person who normally never takes a risk at all but occasionally has lapses when he does something stupid. Lapses may occur spontaneously, but may also be related to alcohol and other drugs, to lack of sleep, and so on. As in the field of traffic engineering, research will be necessary before methods of reducing the taking of risks can be worked out, but it is a line worth following. The importance of studying the human factors in the causation of accidents was particularly evident from the deliberations of the working party set up by the Royal College of Surgeons under the chairmanship of Mr. Norman Capener to study the factors predisposing to accidents of all kinds and their prevention. The working party's meetings culminated in a public convention at the Royal College last May, which was reported in this journal at the time,' I when many speakers emphasized the need to provide good training for young people in the proper performance of the many complicated tasks, including driving, that are now a part of our daily lives. The same theme of individual responsibility for safe and skilled action is readily discernible in the working party's report, recently published.4 In its discussion of road accidents the report emphasizes, as have others, the interaction of many factors in the causation of motor accidentsand \" a reduction in road traffic accidents is unlikely to take place suddenly as the result of any one action.\" But in addition to the varieties of mechanical risk and their elimination to which the report draws attention it pin-points such well-known bases of safe driving as sobriety, good manners, mental alertness, and a sense of responsibility. There is indeed an urgent need, as was said in these columns earlier,' \"to rouse the community to a sense of its own responsibility for safety of life and limb and for avoiding habits that are deadly.\

Respiratory distress syndrome

The health of migrants has become an important issue in global health and foreign policy. Assessing the current status of research activity and identifying gaps in global migration health (GMH) is an important step in mapping the evidence-base and on advocating health needs of migrants and mobile populations. The aim of this study was to analyze globally published peer-reviewed literature in GMH. A bibliometric analysis methodology was used. The Scopus database was used to retrieve documents in peer-reviewed journals in GMH for the study period from 2000 to 2016. A group of experts in GMH developed the needed keywords and validated the final search strategy. The number of retrieved documents was 21,457. Approximately one third (6878; 32.1%) of the retrieved documents were published in the last three years of the study period. In total, 5451 (25.4%) documents were about refugees and asylum seekers, while 1328 (6.2%) were about migrant workers, 440 (2.1%) were about international students, 679 (3.2%) were about victims of human trafficking/smuggling, 26 (0.1%) were about patients’ mobility across international borders, and the remaining documents were about unspecified categories of migrants. The majority of the retrieved documents (10,086; 47.0%) were in psychosocial and mental health domain, while 2945 (13.7%) documents were in infectious diseases, 6819 (31.8%) documents were in health policy and systems, 2759 (12.8%) documents were in maternal and reproductive health, and 1918 (8.9%) were in non-communicable diseases. The contribution of authors and institutions in Asian countries, Latin America, Africa, Middle East, and Eastern European countries was low. Literature in GMH represents the perspectives of high-income migrant destination countries. Our heat map of research output shows that despite the ever-growing prominence of human mobility across the globe, and Sustainable Development Goals of leaving no one behind, research output on migrants’ health is not consistent with the global migration pattern. A stronger evidence base is needed to enable authorities to make evidence-informed decisions on migration health policy and practice. Research collaboration and networks should be encouraged to prioritize research in GMH.

/pdf/bibliometric-analysis-of-global-migration-health-research-in-418fo84ojb.pdf

Bibliometric analysis of global migration health research in peer-reviewed literature (2000–2016)

The purpose of the present study is to contribute to understanding violence in a family environment, especially in terms of childhood, and is formulated as a theoretical review of the theme. Based on book and article consultations, violence against children is looked at throughout history along with the protection of their rights. The application of disciplinary measures over time is approached, along with an understanding surrounding attitudes related to what can today be classified as abuse and violence against a child. Childhood was not always understood in the same manner it is today. The punishment, humiliation and even murder of children were tolerated over extended periods of history. Parents seem to have had supreme power over the life and death of their children. Changes in relation to this perception occurred mainly over the last few centuries. From then on, the relationship between parents and children became progressively permeated by more devoted attitudes, thus initiating significant changes that coincide with the scientific study of childhood. An important evolution is noted in terms of Law, in the sense of protecting children's rights, which had been recognized. However, it is shown that in spite of all the measures taken in terms of protection and a guarantee of rights, violence against children continues in our contemporary reality. [#] [K]

Violence against children...

Aim
To compare pregnancy outcomes of Syrian refugee women and Jordanian women

Background and introduction
In the past few years, thousands of Syrians fled Syria to neighbouring countries such as Jordan as a result of the continuing conflict in their country Pregnant refugee women are facing many difficulties that increase the prevalence of antenatal complications However, there is limited awareness of whether Syrian refugee women have different risks of pregnancy outcomes than Jordanian women

Methods
Using a retrospective cohort design, we examined pregnancy outcomes for Syrian refugee (N = 616) and Jordanian women (N = 644) giving birth at two governmental hospital in northern Jordan, between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2014 A checklist of 13 variables was utilized The primary outcome measures were delivery by Caesarean section, maternal complications, low birthweight (<2500 g), APGAR score and preterm delivery (<37 weeks’ gestational age)

Results
Statistical analysis revealed that refugee mothers had a significant increase in the rate of Caesarean section and higher rate of anaemia, a lower neonates’ weight and APGAR scores when compared to their Jordanian counterparts

Discussion
Results were congruent with findings from other studies in the region and worldwide

Conclusion and implications for nursing and health policy
Minimizing inequalities in pregnancy outcomes between Syrian refugees and Jordan women is a healthcare priority The findings could guide the planning and development of health policies in Jordan that would help to alleviate the situation regarding refugee populations Action is required by policy makers, specifically targeting public and primary healthcare services, to address the problem of adequately meeting the needs for antenatal care of this vulnerable population

Pregnancy outcomes among Syrian refugee and Jordanian women: a comparative study.

Mothers' knowledge & perception about child sexual abuse in Jordan.

Aim The aims of this study were to (1) assess the levels of Jordanian midwives' job satisfaction, intention to stay and work environment; (2) examine the relationship between work environment and intention to stay, and the level of job satisfaction among midwives working in Jordanian hospitals and maternal and child health centres and (3) to investigate the associations between job satisfaction and selected demographic variables among Jordanian midwives. Background The shortage, turnover and retention of midwives are global problems and Jordan is one of the countries thathas a shortage of midwifery workforce. Job satisfaction is well studied among nurses worldwide; however, there are inadequate studies that have assessed the job satisfaction among midwives including Jordan. Methods A descriptive, correlational design survey was used and a sample of 413 midwives were recruited from 14 different hospital settings (12 governmental and 2 teaching hospitals) and 8 health centres. Results The levels of job satisfaction of Jordanian midwives were neither satisfied nor unsatisfied. The overall mean intent to stay at work was between neutral to agree in general. A positive significant correlation was found between job satisfaction, work environment and intent to stay. The work environment was neither a favourable nor an unfavourable. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING, HEALTH AND EDUCATION POLICY: Jordanian midwives have neutral job satisfaction and work environment. Managerial plans and interventions are needed to improve midwives' job satisfaction and to create a favourable work environment which might reflect positively on their work and performance and improve their retention. Policymakers and mangers should enhance midwives' job satisfaction through external reward via salary, vacation and benefits packages. Engaging in research activities, publication and more collaboration with academic staff may improve midwives' professional development. Midwives should take more active roles in hospital affairs and receive more support by their management in Jordan.

Job satisfaction, work environment and intent to stay of Jordanian midwives.

This randomized controlled trial compared distress and pain in healthy 4-month-old infants receiving three different immunizations either sequentially (control, n=50) or simultaneously, two at the same time, followed by the third (experimental, n=51). Although both groups demonstrated a significant increase in cortisol from baseline levels, the lack of significant difference on salivary cortisol between groups post-immunization suggests the study was underpowered. On NIPS scores, the experimental group demonstrated significantly less pain (Mann-Whitney U=1648.0, p=0.003). Simultaneous injections appeared to be effective in reducing pain behavior responses in infants receiving their 4-month immunizations. Longitudinal studies could determine whether reduced exposure to pain in infancy, through simultaneous immunization injections, could contribute to a reduction in sensitivity to pain and physiologic stress responses.

Comparison of distress and pain in infants randomized to groups receiving standard versus multiple immunizations.

Background Youths in Jordan lack knowledge related to reproductive health (RH). Interactive teaching methods showed positive results in enhancing health awareness and adopting healthy practices among students. Objectives The objective of this study was to examine the usefulness of interactive teaching in promoting health awareness of RH among nonmedical university students in Jordan. Methods We employed a quasi-experimental one group pretest and posttest design for a purposive sample of 210 students (18-24 years). Knowledge and attitudes regarding RH issues were assessed using a questionnaire developed by the researchers. Results A significant improvement in students' knowledge and attitudes toward RH was evident. Female students had higher scores on knowledge than male students in the pretest; this difference was smaller in the posttest. Also, female students had significantly more positive attitudes toward RH in pretest than males, although this difference vanished in the posttest. Study results indicated that students benefit from study intervention regardless their gender. Conclusion Integrating RH into university's curriculum coupled with interactive learning approach is a powerful way to promote RH awareness among youths.

/pdf/effects-of-interactive-teaching-on-university-students-4ij6x94i7z.pdf

Reem A. Ali

Papers

Pregnancy outcomes among Syrian refugee and Jordanian women: a comparative study.

Mothers' knowledge & perception about child sexual abuse in Jordan.

Job satisfaction, work environment and intent to stay of Jordanian midwives.

Comparison of distress and pain in infants randomized to groups receiving standard versus multiple immunizations.

Effects of interactive teaching on university students' knowledge and attitude toward reproductive health: a pilot study in Jordan.