Changes in climate extremes and their impacts on the natural physical environment: An overview of the IPCC SREX report

This paper presents a short history of the appraisal of laser scanner technologies in geosciences used for imaging relief by high-resolution digital elevation models (HRDEMs) or 3D models. A general overview of light detection and ranging (LIDAR) techniques applied to landslides is given, followed by a review of different applications of LIDAR for landslide, rockfall and debris-flow. These applications are classified as: (1) Detection and characterization of mass movements; (2) Hazard assessment and susceptibility mapping; (3) Modelling; (4) Monitoring. This review emphasizes how LIDAR-derived HRDEMs can be used to investigate any type of landslides. It is clear that such HRDEMs are not yet a common tool for landslides investigations, but this technique has opened new domains of applications that still have to be developed.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs11069-010-9634-2.pdf

Use of LIDAR in landslide investigations: a review

Due to the recent development of well-integrated surveying techniques of the sea floor, significant improvements were achieved in mapping and describing the morphology and architecture of submarine...

Submarine landslides: advances and challenges

A review on natural and human-induced geohazards and impacts in karst

. Photogrammetry and geosciences have been closely linked since the late 19th century due to the acquisition of high-quality 3-D data sets of the environment, but it has so far been restricted to a limited range of remote sensing specialists because of the considerable cost of metric systems for the acquisition and treatment of airborne imagery. Today, a wide range of commercial and open-source software tools enable the generation of 3-D and 4-D models of complex geomorphological features by geoscientists and other non-experts users. In addition, very recent rapid developments in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology allow for the flexible generation of high-quality aerial surveying and ortho-photography at a relatively low cost. The increasing computing capabilities during the last decade, together with the development of high-performance digital sensors and the important software innovations developed by computer-based vision and visual perception research fields, have extended the rigorous processing of stereoscopic image data to a 3-D point cloud generation from a series of non-calibrated images. Structure-from-motion (SfM) workflows are based upon algorithms for efficient and automatic orientation of large image sets without further data acquisition information, examples including robust feature detectors like the scale-invariant feature transform for 2-D imagery. Nevertheless, the importance of carrying out well-established fieldwork strategies, using proper camera settings, ground control points and ground truth for understanding the different sources of errors, still needs to be adapted in the common scientific practice. This review intends not only to summarise the current state of the art on using SfM workflows in geomorphometry but also to give an overview of terms and fields of application. Furthermore, this article aims to quantify already achieved accuracies and used scales, using different strategies in order to evaluate possible stagnations of current developments and to identify key future challenges. It is our belief that some lessons learned from former articles, scientific reports and book chapters concerning the identification of common errors or "bad practices" and some other valuable information may help in guiding the future use of SfM photogrammetry in geosciences.

/pdf/image-based-surface-reconstruction-in-geomorphometry-merits-g68ovc3a9x.pdf

Image-based surface reconstruction in geomorphometry - merits, limits and developments

Structural analysis of Turtle Mountain (Alberta) using digital elevation model: Toward a progressive failure

COLTOP-3D software performs structural analysis of a topography using a digital elevation model (DEM). A color is defined based on slope aspect and slope angle in order to obtain a unique color code for each spatial orientation. Thus continuous planar structures appear as a unique color. Several tools are included to create stereonet(s), to draw traces of discontinuities, or to compute automatically density stereonet. A new version has recently been developed to represent true 3D surfaces from point clouds. Examples are shown to demonstrate the efficiency of the method. High resolution DEMs acquired with Lidar techniques greatly improve topographic analyses.

New insight techniques to analyze rock-slope relief using DEM and 3D-imaging cloud points: COLTOP-3D software

Fragmentation is one of the mechanisms involved in rock avalanches. Quantifying the associated energy during a rock avalanche can help to assess the influence of fragmentation on post-failure mass ...

Fragmentation energy in rock avalanches

A large rock and ice avalanche occurred on the north face of Mount Steele, southwest Yukon Territory, Canada, on July 24, 2007. In the days and weeks preceding the landslide, several smaller avalanches initiated from the same slope. The ice and rock debris traveled a maximum horizontal distance 5.76 km with a maximum vertical descent of 2,160 m, leaving a deposit 3.66 km2 in area on Steele Glacier. The seismic magnitude estimated from long-period surface waves (M
 s) is 5.2. Modeling of the waveforms suggests an estimated duration of approximately 100 s and an average velocity of between 35 and 65 m/s. This landslide is one of 18 large rock avalanches known to have occurred since 1899 on slopes adjacent to glaciers in western Canada. We describe the setting, reconstruct the event chronology and present a preliminary characterization of the Mount Steele ice and rock avalanches based on field reconnaissance, analysis of seismic records and an airborne LiDAR survey. We also present the results of a successful dynamic simulation for the July 24 event.

Réjean Couture

Papers

Structural analysis of Turtle Mountain (Alberta) using digital elevation model: Toward a progressive failure

New insight techniques to analyze rock-slope relief using DEM and 3D-imaging cloud points: COLTOP-3D software

Fragmentation energy in rock avalanches

The July 2007 rock and ice avalanches at Mount Steele, St. Elias Mountains, Yukon, Canada

Structural and engineering geology of the East Gate Landslide, Purcell Mountains, British Columbia, Canada