The field of sentiment analysis, in which sentiment is gathered, analyzed, and aggregated from text, has seen a lot of attention in the last few years. The corresponding growth of the field has resulted in the emergence of various subareas, each addressing a different level of analysis or research question. This survey focuses on aspect-level sentiment analysis, where the goal is to find and aggregate sentiment on entities mentioned within documents or aspects of them. An in-depth overview of the current state-of-the-art is given, showing the tremendous progress that has already been made in finding both the target, which can be an entity as such, or some aspect of it, and the corresponding sentiment. Aspect-level sentiment analysis yields very fine-grained sentiment information which can be useful for applications in various domains. Current solutions are categorized based on whether they provide a method for aspect detection, sentiment analysis, or both. Furthermore, a breakdown based on the type of algorithm used is provided. For each discussed study, the reported performance is included. To facilitate the quantitative evaluation of the various proposed methods, a call is made for the standardization of the evaluation methodology that includes the use of shared data sets. Semantically-rich concept-centric aspect-level sentiment analysis is discussed and identified as one of the most promising future research direction.

Survey on Aspect-Level Sentiment Analysis

Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 WHAT IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM? 1.2 HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS 1.3 OPERATING SYSTEM CONCEPTS 1.4 SYSTEM CALLS 1.5 OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE 1.6 OUTLINE OF THE REST OF THIS BOOK 1.7 SUMMARY CHAPTER 2 PROCESSES 2.1 INTRODUCTION TO PROCESSES 2.2 INTERPROCESS COMMUNICATION 2.3 CLASSICAL IPC PROBLEMS 2.4 SCHEDULING 2.5 OVERVIEW OF PROCESSES IN MINIX 3 2.6 IMPLEMENTATION OF PROCESSES IN MINIX 3 2.7 THE SYSTEM TASK IN MINIX 3 2.8 THE CLOCK TASK IN MINIX 3 2.9 SUMMARY CHAPTER 3 INPUT/OUTPUT 3.1 PRINCIPLES OF I/O HARDWARE 3.2 PRINCIPLES OF I/O SOFTWARE 3.3 DEADLOCKS 3.4 OVERVIEW OF I/O IN MINIX 3 3.5 BLOCK DEVICES IN MINIX 3 3.6 RAM DISKS 3.7 DISKS 3.8 TERMINALS 3.9 SUMMARY CHAPTER 4 MEMORY MANAGEMENT 4.1 BASIC MEMORY MANAGEMENT 4.2 SWAPPING 4.3 VIRTUAL MEMORY 4.4 PAGE REPLACEMENT ALGORITHMS 4.5 DESIGN ISSUES FOR PAGING SYSTEMS 4.6 SEGMENTATION 4.7 OVERVIEW OF THE MINIX 3 PROCESS MANAGER 4.8 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MINIX 3 PROCESS MANAGER 4.9 SUMMARY CHAPTER 5 FILE SYSTEMS 5.1 FILES 5.2 DIRECTORIES 5.3 FILE SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION 5.4 SECURITY 5.5 PROTECTION MECHANISMS 5.6 OVERVIEW OF THE MINIX 3 FILE SYSTEM 5.7 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MINIX 3 FILE SYSTEM 5.8 SUMMARY CHAPTER 6 READING LIST AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 6.1 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 6.2 ALPHABETICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX A - INSTALLING MINIX 3 APPENDIX B - MINIX 3 SOURCE CODE LISTING APPENDIX C - INDEX TO FILES INDEX

Operating Systems: Design and Implementation

In this paper we provide a comprehensive introduction to knowledge graphs,
which have recently garnered significant attention from both industry and
academia in scenarios that require exploiting diverse, dynamic, large-scale
collections of data. After some opening remarks, we motivate and contrast
various graph-based data models and query languages that are used for knowledge
graphs. We discuss the roles of schema, identity, and context in knowledge
graphs. We explain how knowledge can be represented and extracted using a
combination of deductive and inductive techniques. We summarise methods for the
creation, enrichment, quality assessment, refinement, and publication of
knowledge graphs. We provide an overview of prominent open knowledge graphs and
enterprise knowledge graphs, their applications, and how they use the
aforementioned techniques. We conclude with high-level future research
directions for knowledge graphs.

Knowledge Graphs

We present GERBIL, an evaluation framework for semantic entity annotation. The rationale behind our framework is to provide developers, end users and researchers with easy-to-use interfaces that allow for the agile, fine-grained and uniform evaluation of annotation tools on multiple datasets. By these means, we aim to ensure that both tool developers and end users can derive meaningful insights pertaining to the extension, integration and use of annotation applications. In particular, GERBIL provides comparable results to tool developers so as to allow them to easily discover the strengths and weaknesses of their implementations with respect to the state of the art. With the permanent experiment URIs provided by our framework, we ensure the reproducibility and archiving of evaluation results. Moreover, the framework generates data in machine-processable format, allowing for the efficient querying and post-processing of evaluation results. Finally, the tool diagnostics provided by GERBIL allows deriving insights pertaining to the areas in which tools should be further refined, thus allowing developers to create an informed agenda for extensions and end users to detect the right tools for their purposes. GERBIL aims to become a focal point for the state of the art, driving the research agenda of the community by presenting comparable objective evaluation results.

/pdf/gerbil-general-entity-annotator-benchmarking-framework-17qk7813cs.pdf

GERBIL: General Entity Annotator Benchmarking Framework

Entity Linking (EL) is an essential task for semantic text understanding and information extraction. Popular methods separately address the Mention Detection (MD) and Entity Disambiguation (ED) stages of EL, without leveraging their mutual dependency. We here propose the first neural end-to-end EL system that jointly discovers and links entities in a text document. The main idea is to consider all possible spans as potential mentions and learn contextual similarity scores over their entity candidates that are useful for both MD and ED decisions. Key components are context-aware mention embeddings, entity embeddings and a probabilistic mention - entity map, without demanding other engineered features. Empirically, we show that our end-to-end method significantly outperforms popular systems on the Gerbil platform when enough training data is available. Conversely, if testing datasets follow different annotation conventions compared to the training set (e.g. queries/ tweets vs news documents), our ED model coupled with a traditional NER system offers the best or second best EL accuracy.

/pdf/end-to-end-neural-entity-linking-2j1ocgwouk.pdf

End-to-End Neural Entity Linking

A considerable portion of the information on the Web is still only available in unstructured form. Implementing the vision of the Semantic Web thus requires transforming this unstructured data into structured data. One key step during this process is the recognition of named entities. Previous works suggest that ensemble learning can be used to improve the performance of named entity recognition tools. However, no comparison of the performance of existing supervised machine learning approaches on this task has been presented so far. We address this research gap by presenting a thorough evaluation of named entity recognition based on ensemble learning. To this end, we combine four different state-of-the approaches by using 15 different algorithms for ensemble learning and evaluate their performace on five different datasets. Our results suggest that ensemble learning can reduce the error rate of state-of-the-art named entity recognition systems by 40%, thereby leading to over 95% f-score in our best run.

/pdf/ensemble-learning-for-named-entity-recognition-3oms6ult9j.pdf

Ensemble Learning for Named Entity Recognition

https://svn.aksw.org/papers/2015/JWS_DeFacto/public.pdf

DeFacto-Temporal and multilingual Deep Fact Validation

The migration to the Semantic Web requires from CMS that they integrate human- and machine-readable data to support their seamless integration into the Semantic Web. Yet, there is still a blatant need for frameworks that can be easily integrated into CMS and allow to transform their content into machine-readable knowledge with high accuracy. In this paper, we describe the SCMS (Semantic Content Management Systems) framework, whose main goals are the extraction of knowledge from unstructured data in any CMS and the integration of the extracted knowledge into the same CMS. Our framework integrates a highly accurate knowledge extraction pipeline. In addition, it relies on the RDF and HTTP standards for communication and can thus be integrated in virtually any CMS. We present how our framework is being used in the energy sector. We also evaluate our approach and show that our framework outperforms even commercial software by reaching up to 96% F-score.

/pdf/scms-semantifying-content-management-systems-5pw2t7d4yb.pdf

SCMS: semantifying content management systems

Unstructured data still makes up an important portion of the Web. One key task towards transforming this unstructured data into structured data is named entity recognition. We demo FOX, the Federated knOwledge eXtraction framework, a highly accurate open-source framework that implements RESTful web services for named entity recognition. Our framework achieves a higher F-measure than state-of-the-art named entity recognition frameworks by combining the results of several approaches through ensemble learning. Moreover, it disambiguates and links named entities against DBpedia by relying on the AGDISTIS framework. As a result, FOX provides users with accurately disambiguated and linked named entities in several RDF serialization formats. We demonstrate the different interfaces implemented by FOX within use cases pertaining to extracting entities from news texts.

/pdf/named-entity-recognition-using-fox-3r25vhywoh.pdf

René Speck

Papers

GERBIL: General Entity Annotator Benchmarking Framework

Ensemble Learning for Named Entity Recognition

DeFacto-Temporal and multilingual Deep Fact Validation

SCMS: semantifying content management systems

Named entity recognition using FOX