This paper summarizes the current state of the art and recent trends in software engineering economics. It provides an overview of economic analysis techniques and their applicability to software engineering and management. It surveys the field of software cost estimation, including the major estimation techniques available, the state of the art in algorithmic cost models, and the outstanding research issues in software cost estimation.

Software engineering economics

The Process of Innovation

Despite the increased number of publications in the area during the last two decades, there is no unified notation and systematic framework for chemical production scheduling. In this article, we first develop a framework for the description of scheduling problems in the chemical industries. While building upon ideas used in discrete manufacturing, the proposed framework accounts for features such as material handling restrictions which are critical in chemical production scheduling. Second, we present a classification of the various modeling approaches that have been presented in the process systems engineering literature. Our classification is broader than previous schemes because it accounts for more attributes, and it also offers a broader discussion of the modeling of time. We believe that our analysis will enhance the understanding of chemical production scheduling and lead to further advances in the area. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 1812–1828, 2012

General framework and modeling approach classification for chemical production scheduling

Cloud manufacturing (CMfg) is emerging as an advanced service-oriented manufacturing model for the manufacturing industry. It is changing the way manufacturing enterprises organize production activities in that tangible and intangible manufacturing resources encapsulated as virtualized manufacturing services are provided to customers. In this background, CMfg task semantic modeling and description is proposed to address different challenges such as matching with manufacturing services. Firstly, some of the essential features of CMfg tasks are briefly discussed and classification as well as the modeling requirements of CMfg tasks is also investigated, and then this paper proposes the modeling framework of CMfg task to solve the general CMfg task ontology (GCMT_Ontology) construction and the task sub-ontology matching from GCMT_Ontology. In GCMT_Ontology construction process, the original CMfg task ontology (OCMT_Ontology) is built from the CMfg task description model, and then an ontology learning approach is advanced to perfect the GCMT_Ontology with graph-based semantic similarity algorithm. In task sub-ontology matching process, semantic feature values of concepts are calculated to extend the semantic content of the task document, and the extended concepts are input to find the sub-ontology by computing minimum connected sub-graph. Finally, the proposed framework is realized in a prototype system, and an example of cement grinding mill assembling task is carried out in a group enterprise to illustrate the application. The results show that the proposed method improves enterprise collaboration and interoperation effectively.

Manufacturing task semantic modeling and description in cloud manufacturing system

A semantic representation model for design rationale of products

An ontology based approach for operational process modeling

A framework for work process modeling in the chemical industries

In this contribution, a methodology for modeling, improving, and implementing design processes in chemical engineering is presented. The methodology comprises a semiformal modeling language for design processes, complemented by a modeling procedure describing the efficient creation of design process models. The methodology inherits from some approaches developed in the domain of business process reengineering and work-flow management, but has been extended considerably to meet the requirements imposed by the creative character of design processes. Two case studies demonstrating the successful application of the procedure for design processes in different industrial settings are discussed.

Design Process Modeling in Chemical Engineering

Expressive models of the work processes performed in the chemical and process industries provide a basis for diverse applications like work process documentation, analysis, and enactment. In this contribution, we present a generic modeling language for different types of work processes to allow for their integrated representation in the life cycle of a chemical plant. Further, the generic language allows for extensions specific to certain types of work processes. For two important types - design and operational processes - such extensions have been elaborated. These extensions enable the adequate representation of the context of a work process that strongly depends on the process type: for instance, the specification of a chemical plant is a product of a design process, whereas the plant takes the role of a resource during an operational process. This contribution also briefly introduces a modeling tool developed by our group for applying the modeling language in industrial practice.

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An extensible modeling language for the representation of work processes in the chemical and process industries

Representing the knowledge of engineering work processes such as design or operational processes explicitly is vital for sharing and reusing knowledge. “Process knowledge” and “product knowledge” are considered in this paper. Whereas process knowledge is about a work process itself, product knowledge deals with the products of a work process. OntoCAPE is an integrated ontology, which allows the explicit representation of product and process knowledge for both design and operational processes in chemical engineering. This paper focuses on OntoCAPE's partial ontology for operational processes. The integration of the product ontology and the process ontology facilitates a comprehensive representation of all relevant aspects of operational processes.

Ri Hai

Papers

An ontology based approach for operational process modeling

A framework for work process modeling in the chemical industries

Design Process Modeling in Chemical Engineering

An extensible modeling language for the representation of work processes in the chemical and process industries

An integrated ontology for operational processes