Despite increasing evidence that addiction is a treatable disease of the brain, most individuals do not receive treatment Involvement in the criminal justice system often results from illegal drug-seeking behavior and participation in illegal activities that reflect, in part, disrupted behavior ensuing from brain changes triggered by repeated drug use Treating drug-involved offenders provides a unique opportunity to decrease substance abuse and reduce associated criminal behavior Emerging neuroscience has the potential to transform traditional sanction-oriented public safety approaches by providing new therapeutic strategies against addiction that could be used in the criminal justice system We summarize relevant neuroscientific findings and evidence-based principles of addiction treatment that, if implemented in the criminal justice system, could help improve public heath and reduce criminal behavior

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Treating Drug Abuse and Addiction in the Criminal Justice System: Improving Public Health and Safety

Objectives. We determined whether or not juvenile detainees with major mental disorders received treatment, and the variables that predicted who received services.Methods. Our sample was 1829 randomly selected juvenile detainees taking part in the Northwestern Juvenile Project. To determine need for mental health services, independent interviewers administered the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children and rated functional impairment using the Child Global Assessment Scale. Records on service provision were obtained from the juvenile justice and public health systems.Results. Among detainees who had major mental disorders and associated functional impairments, 15.4% received treatment in the detention center and 8.1% received treatment in the community by the time of case disposition or 6 months, whichever came first. Significantly more girls than boys were detected and treated. Receiving treatment was predicted by clinical variables (having a major mental disorder or reported treatment history or sui...

Detecting mental disorder in juvenile detainees: who receives services.

Risk assessment and classification systems for women have been largely derived from male-based systems. As a result, many of the needs unique to women are not formally assessed or treated. Emerging research advocating a gender-responsive approach to the supervision and treatment of women offenders suggests that needs such as abuse, mental health, substance abuse, relationship difficulties, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and parenting issues are important treatment targets. Although these needs may be highly prevalent among women offenders, they have not been adequately tested to determine their relationships with future offending. In response, the present study sought to understand whether gender-responsive needs contributed as risk factors to poor prison adjustment and community recidivism. Additionally, several types of risk assessment models were explored to determine whether gender-responsive needs enhanced the validities of currently established risk classification systems (i.e., a state’s institutional...

The Predictive Validity of a Gender-Responsive Needs Assessment An Exploratory Study

Objective At national, state, and local levels, there is increasing recognition of the importance of identifying and responding to the mental health needs of youths in the juvenile justice system, as policymakers and practitioners struggle to find ways to address causes and correlates of juvenile crime and delinquency. The proposed guidelines for mental health assessment provide explicit information about how, why, and when to obtain mental health information on justice youths at each important juncture in processing. Method A national group of expert researchers and practitioners convened in April 2002. Experts derived six recommendations, following the expert consensus method, for conducting mental health assessments in juvenile justice settings. Experts had broad experience creating collaborations between juvenile justice, mental health, and child welfare systems and understood the policy and health implications of conducting such assessments in juvenile justice settings. Results Consensus Conference recommendations regarding screening for emergent risk, screening and assessment of mental health service needs, comprehensive mental health assessment components, assessment before community re-entry, need for periodic reassessment, and staff training are presented. Conclusion Deriving specific recommendations that can be implemented systematically is a necessary first step toward policy changes that will optimize the standard of care for this vulnerable population. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 2003, 42(7):752-761.

Mental health assessments in juvenile justice: report on the consensus conference.

Positive criminology is a new conceptual perspective of criminology, encompassing several theories and models. Positive criminology refers to a focus on individuals’ encounters with forces and influences that are experienced as positive, which distance them from deviance and crime, whether by means of formal and informal therapy programs and interventions, such as self-help groups; through emphasis of positive social elements, such as exposure to goodness, social acceptance, and reintegrative shaming; or based on positive personal traits, such as resilience and coherence. The perspective of positive criminology broadens that of traditional criminology, which focuses mainly on understanding the factors and processes that lead individuals and groups to what is defined as deviant and criminal behavior. Positive criminology is implemented in treatment and rehabilitation of individuals and groups that have demonstrated deviant and criminal behavior, by emphasizing positive experiences that may potentially prev...

A Different Perspective: Introducing Positive Criminology

The treatment literature on offender rehabilitation is reviewed with the purpose of deriving further direction for researchers and clinicians in the field of correctional psychology. After addressi...

The Rehabilitation and Reintegration of Offenders The Current Landscape and Some Future Directions for Correctional Psychology

ing and Indexing: Please visit http://cjb.sagepub.com and click on the Abstracting/Indexing link on the left-hand side to view a full list of databases in which this journal is indexed. Copyright Permission: Permission requests to photocopy or otherwise reproduce copy righted material owned by the American Association for Correctional and Forensic Psychology should be submitted by accessing the Copyright Clearance Center’s Rightslink® service through the journal’s Web site at http://cjb.sagepub.com. Permission may also be requested by contacting the Copyright Clearance Center via their Web site at http://www .copyright.com, or via e-mail at info@copyright.com. Advertising and Reprints: Current advertising rates and specifications may be obtained by contacting the advertising coordinator in the Thousand Oaks office at (805) 410-7772 or by sending an e-mail to advertising@sagepub. com. Acceptance of advertising in this journal in no way implies endorsement of the advertised product or service by SAGE, the journal’s affiliated society(ies), or the journal editor(s). No endorsement is intended or implied. SAGE reserves the right to reject any advertising it deems as inappropriate for this journal. To order reprints, please call (805) 410-7763 or e-mail reprint@sagepub.com. Change of Address: Six weeks’ advance notice must be given when notifying of change of address. Please send old address label along with the new address to ensure proper identification. Please specify name of journal. Printed on acid-free paper by guest on August 9, 2010 cjb.sagepub.com Downloaded from INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR FORENSIC AND CORRECTIONAL PSYCHOLOGY STANDARDS FOR PSYCHOLOGY SERVICES IN JAILS, PRISONS, CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES, AND AGENCIES

Standards For Psychology Services in Jails, Prisons, Correctional Facilities, and Agencies:

Professional work in corrections is beset with issues ranging from conflicting justice-system goals, lack of resources, role confusion, ethical dilemmas, and an atmosphere often hostile to empirical research and program evaluation. The authors describe several systemic issues that impact the work of correctional psychologists and their effectiveness. Recognizing the critical need for evidence-based clinical practice, the authors argue, in addition, that the correctional psychologist's mission should be expanded to include macro-level systems issues. These include questions of social responses to crime, unintended consequences of correctional practice, the need for research on institutional policy, and methods for system-wide evaluation of correctional programs and settings. The authors describe the nature and scope of each issue and offer a suggested research agenda.

Richard Althouse

Papers

The Rehabilitation and Reintegration of Offenders The Current Landscape and Some Future Directions for Correctional Psychology

Standards For Psychology Services in Jails, Prisons, Correctional Facilities, and Agencies:

Systemic Issues and Correctional Outcomes Expanding the Scope of Correctional Psychology

AACP Standards: A Historical Overview (1978 to 1980):