世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.2307%2F3343168.pdf

Development as Freedom

NUDGE: IMPROVING DECISIONS ABOUT HEALTH, WEALTH, AND HAPPINESS by Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein Penguin Books, 2009, 312 pp, ISBN 978-0-14-311526-7This book is best described formally as a general explanation of and advocacy for libertarian paternalism, a term coined by the authors in earlier publications. Informally, it is about how leaders, systems, organizations, and governments can nudge people to do the things the nudgers want and need done for the betterment of the nudgees, or of society. It is paternalism in the sense that "it is legitimate for choice architects to try to influence people's behavior in order to make their lives longer, healthier, and better", (p. 5) It is libertarian in that "people should be free to do what they like - and to opt out of undesirable arrangements if they want to do so", (p. 5) The built-in possibility of opting out or making a different choice preserves freedom of choice even though people's behavior has been influenced by the nature of the presentation of the information or by the structure of the decisionmaking system. I had never heard of libertarian paternalism before reading this book, and I now find it fascinating.Written for a general audience, this book contains mostly social and behavioral science theory and models, but there is considerable discussion of structure and process that has roots in mathematical and quantitative modeling. One of the main applications of this social system is economic choice in investing, selecting and purchasing products and services, systems of taxes, banking (mortgages, borrowing, savings), and retirement systems. Other quantitative social choice systems discussed include environmental effects, health care plans, gambling, and organ donations. Softer issues that are also subject to a nudge-based approach are marriage, education, eating, drinking, smoking, influence, spread of information, and politics. There is something in this book for everyone.The basis for this libertarian paternalism concept is in the social theory called "science of choice", the study of the design and implementation of influence systems on various kinds of people. The terms Econs and Humans, are used to refer to people with either considerable or little rational decision-making talent, respectively. The various libertarian paternalism concepts and systems presented are tested and compared in light of these two types of people. Two foundational issues that this book has in common with another book, Network of Echoes: Imitation, Innovation and Invisible Leaders, that was also reviewed for this issue of the Journal are that 1 ) there are two modes of thinking (or components of the brain) - an automatic (intuitive) process and a reflective (rational) process and 2) the need for conformity and the desire for imitation are powerful forces in human behavior. …

Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness

vogue. Both in the industrialized and in the developing world, nations are turning to devolution to improve the per- formance of their public sectors. In the United States, the central government has turned back significant portions of federal authority to the states for a wide range of major programs, including wel- fare, Medicaid, legal services, housing, and job training. The hope is that state and local governments, being closer to the people, will be more responsive to the particular preferences of their con- stituencies and will be able to find new and better ways to provide these ser- vices. In the United Kingdom, both Scot- land and Wales have opted under the Blair government for their own regional parliaments. And in Italy the movement toward decentralization has gone so far as to encompass a serious proposal for the separation of the nation into two in- dependent countries. In the developing world, we likewise see widespread inter- est in fiscal decentralization with the ob- jective of breaking the grip of central planning that, in the view of many, has failed to bring these nations onto a path of self-sustaining growth. But the proper goal of restructuring the public sector cannot simply be de- centralization. The public sector in nearly all countries consists of several different levels. The basic issue is one of aligning responsibilities and fiscal in- struments with the proper levels of gov- ernment. As Alexis de Toqueville ob- served more than a centuty ago, "The federal system was created with the in- tention of combining the different ad- vantages which result from the magni- tude and the littleness of nations" (1980, v. I, p. 163). But to realize these "dif- ferent advantages," we need to under- stand which functions and instruments are best centralized and which are best placed in the sphere of decentralized levels of government. This is the sub- ject matter of fiscal federalism. As a subfield of public finance, fiscal feder- alism addresses the vertical structure of the public sector. It explores, both in normative and positive terms, the roles of the different levels of government and the ways in which they relate to one another through such instruments as intergovernmental grants.2

/pdf/an-essay-on-fiscal-federalism-10yjc9cqdb.pdf

An Essay on Fiscal Federalism

The Rise of the Creative Class

Public Finance in Theory and Practice

List of tables List of contributors Preface 1. Fiscal decentralization in developing countries: an overview Richard M. Bird and Francois Vaillancourt 2. China: evaluating the impact of intergovernmental fiscal reform Roy W. Bahl 3. India: intergovernmental fiscal relations in a planned economy M. Govinda Rao 4. Indonesia and Pakistan: fiscal decentralization - an elusive goal? Anwar Shah 5. Morocco and Tunisia: financing local governments - the impact on infrastructure finance Francois Vaillancourt 6. Colombia: the central role of the central government in fiscal decentralization Richard M. Bird and Ariel Fiszbein 7. Argentina: fiscal federalism and decentralization Ernesto Rezk 8. South Africa: an intergovernmental fiscal system in transition Junaid K. Ahmad 9. Bosnia-Herzegovina: fiscal federalism - the Dayton challenge William Fox and Christine Wallich Index.

/pdf/fiscal-decentralization-in-developing-countries-2cr2qguqf3.pdf

Fiscal Decentralization in Developing Countries

https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=econ_facpub

Tax Effort in Developing Countries and High Income Countries: The Impact of Corruption, Voice and Accountability

Inequality has increased in recent years in both developed and developing countries Tax experts, like others, have focused on how taxes may reduce the inequality of income and wealth In developed countries, the income tax, especially the personal income tax, has long been viewed as the primary instrument for redistributing income This Article examines whether it make sense for developing countries to rely on personal income taxes to redistribute income We think not, for three reasons First, the personal income tax has done little, if anything, to reduce inequality in many developing countries Second, it is not costless to pretend to have a progressive personal income tax system Third, opportunity costs also exist from relying on taxes for redistributive purposes If countries want to use the fiscal system to reduce poverty or reduce inequality, they need to look elsewhere This Article begins with some initial reflections on the redistributive role of the tax system It then considers the relative success of developed and developing countries in using tax systems to redistribute income Finally, This Article examines some alternatives in reforming the personal income tax, as well as options available to developing countries in designing and implementing more progressive fiscal systems

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID804704_code109222.pdf?abstractid=804704&mirid=4

Redistribution via Taxation: The Limited Role of the Personal Income Tax in Developing Countries

Fiscal decentralization in many guises has become a central concern around the world. This paper discusses several aspects of this complex subject that have turned out to be important in policy wor...

https://www.ntanet.org/NTJ/46/2/ntj-v46n02p207-27-threading-fiscal-labyrinth-some.pdf

Richard M. Bird

Papers

Public Finance in Theory and Practice

Fiscal Decentralization in Developing Countries

Tax Effort in Developing Countries and High Income Countries: The Impact of Corruption, Voice and Accountability

Redistribution via Taxation: The Limited Role of the Personal Income Tax in Developing Countries

Threading the fiscal labyrinth: some issues in fiscal decentralization