Rob M. Ellam

TL;DR: Annual banded corals from Papua New Guinea are used to show that ENSO has existed for the past 130,000 years, operating even during “glacial” times of substantially reduced regional and global temperature and changed solar forcing, and it is found that during the 20th century ENGSO has been strong compared with E NSO of previous cool and warm times.

TL;DR: In this article, trace element and isotope data on mantle xenoliths, lamproites and kimberlites, and on selected continental flood basalts are integrated to develop a model for the continental mantle lithosphere.

TL;DR: It is shown that olivine phenocrysts in picritic basalts presumably derived from the proto-Iceland plume at Baffin Island, Canada, have the highest magmatic 3He/4He ratios yet recorded, indicating that a 3He-recharged depleted mantle (HRDM) reservoir may be the principal source of high 3He /4He in mantle plumes.

TL;DR: In this paper, a relation between trace element composition and age of basement ocean crust in Atlantic ocean-island basalts was found, and the trace element variations that appear to be related to the thickness of the lithosphere are found in both oceanic and continental basalts.

TL;DR: In this paper, a minimum of three components are required to describe the geochemistry of subduction zone basalts: high Sr/Nd material is derived from the dehydration of subducted basaltic ocean crust, and a low Sr /Nd component is thought to be from subducting terrigenous sediment.