The psychophysiological basis of introversion-extraversion

Hippocampus and internal inhibition.

Cortical projections to the red nucleus and the brain stem in the Rhesus monkey.

Hippocampal electrical activity during the development of conditioned reflexes

The feedback negativity is a component of the event-related brain potential that is elicited by feedback stimuli associated with unfavorable outcomes. The present research investigated whether this component reflects an evaluation of the valence of experienced outcomes or a process of learning about actions that led to those outcomes. The latter hypothesis predicts that the feedback negativity should be observed only when negative outcomes are experienced in relation to executed actions. Contrary to this prediction, feedback negativities were observed in simple monetary gambling tasks in which participants made no active choices (experiment 1) and no overt actions (experiment 2). However, the amplitude of the component was reduced in these tasks relative to a gambling task in which the outcomes appeared to be contingent upon participants' response choices. This reduction was correlated with changes in participants' subjective ratings of involvement in the tasks, suggesting that the evaluative process indexed by the feedback negativity is sensitive to the motivational significance of ongoing events.

ERP Correlates of Feedback and Reward Processing in the Presence and Absence of Response Choice

Longitudinal conduction systems serving spinal and brain-stem coordination.

Corticifugal influences on intrinsic brainstem conduction in cat and monkey.

Vestibular influences on spinal mechanisms.

Functional organization of descending vestibular influences.

Author(s): STARR, A; LIVINGSTON, RB | Abstract: MOST NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTS deal with phenomena which last for only a brief period of time, usually measured in milliseconds or seconds. Commonplace subjective experience, however, indicates that longer lasting effects may follow prolonged periods of sensory stimulation, Sensations of motion, for example, may last for hours or days following a rough sea voyage (for a vivid description of this effect see ref. 17). The French refer to this as ma1 de debarquement. Analogously persisting aftereffects are observed in the visual system (e.g., the “waterfall effect”) and auditory and somesthetic systems. We presume that neurophysiological events must underlie these illusions. The present experiments were designed to record electrical activity taking place along the auditory pathway before, during, and after prolonged sound stimulation, in order to observe whatever neurophysiological aft,ereffects may follow long-lasting stimulation. In addition to aftereffects, we found other phenomena which merit analysis in their own right.

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Robert B. Livingston

Papers

Longitudinal conduction systems serving spinal and brain-stem coordination.

Corticifugal influences on intrinsic brainstem conduction in cat and monkey.

Vestibular influences on spinal mechanisms.

Functional organization of descending vestibular influences.

Long-lasting Nervous System Responses to Prolonged Sound Stimulation in Waking Cats