This document provides updates to IEEE Std 802.16's MIB for the MAC, PHY and asso- ciated management procedures in order to accommodate recent extensions to the standard.

IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems Draft Amendment: Management Information Base Extensions

Increase in system capacity and data rates can be achieved efficiently in a wireless system by getting the transmitter and receiver closer to each other. Femtocells deployed in the macrocell significantly improve the indoor coverage and provide better user experience. The femtocell base station called as Femtocell Access Point (FAP) is fully user deployed and hence reduces the infrastructure, maintenance and operational cost of the operator while at the same time providing good Quality of Service (QoS) to the end user and high network capacity gains. However, the mass deployment of femtocell faces a number of challenges, among which interference management is of much importance, as the fundamental limits of capacity and achievable data rates mainly depends on the interference faced by the femtocell network. To cope with the technical challenges including interference management faced by the femtocells, researchers have suggested a variety of solutions. These solutions vary depending on the physical layer technology and the specific scenarios considered. Furthermore, the cognitive capabilities, as a functionality of femtocell have also been discussed in this survey. This article summarises the main concepts of femtocells that are covered in literature and the major challenges faced in its large scale deployment. The main challenge of interference management is discussed in detail with its types in femtocells and the solutions proposed over the years to manage interference have been summarised. In addition an overview of the current femtocell standardisation and the future research direction of femtocells have also been provided.

Interference Management in Femtocells

The rapid increase of the number of mobile subscribers as well as the deployment of 3G technologies are putting strain on mobile backhaul operational expenditures (OPEX) which amount to 20-40% of total mobile operator's OPEX due to their reliance on T1/E1 copper lines. For these reasons, the current backhaul systems, a term commonly used to describe connectivity between base stations and radio controllers, are increasingly integrating more cost-effective, packet switched technologies, especially Ethernet/Internet technologies. In addition, Wi-Fi and WiMAX are emerging as promising backhaul solutions and initial findings have demonstrated their feasibility. However, the notion of network migration unavoidably raises new technical challenges relevant to aspects of TDM and packet network timing synchronization, QoS, and packet efficiency. This survey aims to provide a comprehensive study of state-of-the-art circuit switched and emerging packet switched backhaul technologies based on research articles and standard documents. For packet switched backhaul, we focus on the practically important Pseudowire approaches which are used to transport TDM services over packet switched networks. We also discuss the features and research findings on the use of Wi-Fi and WiMAX technologies which illustrate their potential for rapid and cost-efficient backhaul deployment. Finally, we highlight some open issues relevant to timing synchronization in wireless mesh backhaul and femtocells deployments, which offer a rich ground for further research.

The Evolution of Cellular Backhaul Technologies: Current Issues and Future Trends

Welcome to the second installment of IJBDCN. This issue contains three research papers and a comprehensive survey article on mobile ad hoc networks. We would like to publish a couple of survey or tutorial articles per year as we believe this to be of value to our readers. Many research papers are necessarily focused and do not allow for a " panoramic " view of a particular subject. This is the gap that well-written survey or tutorial papers can fill. We are also planning a guest-edited special issue for the last quarter of this year and welcome your suggestions for future special issues of the journal. This second issue starts with a paper entitled " An Approach to Solving the Surviv-able Capacitated Network Design Problem " where Sridhar and Park studied the problem of selecting links of a network to construct primary and secondary routes for transfer of commodity traffic between nodes of the network. Their technique allows the design of survivable and cost-effective networks. In the second paper, " Query Processing Strategies for Location-Dependent Information Services " , Jayaputera and Taniar propose a new approach to generate a query result for location-dependent information services (LDIS). They argue that choosing a square as the scope of a query and dividing it into four equal regions, where a user is a center point of the scope, results in a faster searching time to find targets queried and brings a bigger chance to get rare targets. In addition, by avoiding resubmitting the same queries when the query results missed, the approach reduced bandwidth use at both the server and client sides. The third paper, " Addressing SPAM E-Mail Using Hashcash " by Curran and Honan tackles a problem experienced by most of us. The authors present the Hashcash proof-of-work approach and investigate the feasibility of implementing a solution based on that mechanism along with what they called a " cocktail " of antispam measures designed to keep junk mail under control. Finally , in the last paper, entitled " MANET: Applications, Issues, and Challenges for the Future " , Dhar presents an informative survey of mobile ad hoc networks, describing the main characteristics of those networks and how they are being used, and discussing the most pressing issues and challenges associated with these temporary wireless networks. We hope that you enjoy this and the upcoming issues of IJBDCN. Our goal is to …

International Journal of Business Data Communications and Networking

Support of femtocells is an integral part of the Long Term Evolution - Advanced (LTE-A) system and a key enabler for its wide adoption in a broad scale. Femtocells are short-range, low-power and low-cost cellular stations which are installed by the consumers in an unplanned manner. Even though current literature includes various studies towards understanding the main challenges of interference management in the presence of femtocells, little light has been shed on the open issues of mobility management (MM) in the two-tier macrocell-femtocell network. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive discussion on the key aspects and research challenges of MM support in the presence of femtocells, with the emphasis given on the phases of a) cell identification, b) access control, c) cell search, d) cell selection/reselection, e) handover (HO) decision, and f) HO execution. A detailed overview of the respective MM procedures in the LTE-A system is also provided to better comprehend the solutions and open issues posed in real-life systems. Based on the discussion for the HO decision phase, we subsequently survey and classify existing HO decision algorithms for the two-tier macrocell-femtocell network, depending on the primary HO decision criterion used. For each class, we overview up to three representative algorithms and provide detailed flowcharts to describe their fundamental operation. A comparative summary of the main decision parameters and key features of selected HO decision algorithms concludes this work, providing insights for future algorithmic design and standardization activities.

Mobility Management for Femtocells in LTE-Advanced: Key Aspects and Survey of Handover Decision Algorithms

Wireless systems have the capability to address broad geographic area without the costly infrastructure deployment. However, the main drawback resides in the bandwidth limitation and the coverage for single access point. The deployment of Femtocell as the promising wireless access technology becomes one of the possible solution. In this paper the handover procedure in femtocell network is studied. The 3GPP LTE based handover is analysed in three scenarios: hand-in, hand-out and inter-FAP. In addition, the reactive and proactive handover strategy is also proposed as the handover decision policy to diminish the very frequent and unnecessary handovers.

The study of handover procedure in LTE-based femtocell network

The deployment of Femtocell as the emerging wireless and mobile access technology becomes a solution for the bandwidth limitation and coverage issues in conventional mobile network system (macrocell). In this paper the handover procedure in femtocell network is investigated. The procedure is based on 3GPP LTE specification. Three handover scenarios: hand-in, hand-out and inter-FAP are considered and analysed. In order to achieve the optimize procedure, the handover decision policy based on mobility prediction is introduced and proposed. The reactive and proactive handover strategy is also proposed to mitigate the frequent and unnecessary handover. The result shows that reactive handover is the potential mechanism to mitigate the unnecessary handover.

https://www.thinkmind.org/download.php?articleid=ubicomm_2010_9_40_10304

Handover Scenario and Procedure in LTE-based Femtocell Networks

Wireless systems have the capability to serve users over broad geographic area without using a costly network infrastructure However, the main drawback of these systems represents the bandwidth restrictions and coverage Deployment of femtocell as the emerging promising wireless access technology becomes one of possible solution how to overcome some of the drawbacks In this paper, we investigate the handover procedure in femtocell network considering, both types of handovers, horizontal and vertical The 3GPP LTE based handover procedure is analysed for three scenarios: hand-in, hand-out and inter-FAP In addition, the reactive handover decision policy, based on the prediction of user movement and the prediction of target-FAP, is proposed as a way to eliminate frequent and unnecessary handovers

Handover procedure and decision strategy in LTE-based femtocell network

In recent time, new advanced wireless systems emerged at the world markets. One of the most promising is undoubtedly IEEE 802.16 standard, also known as WiMAX. For both, service providers and potential customers, is necessary to know its basic capabilities, such as the number of supported subscriber per BS or transferred data rate that may be delivered. This paper is aimed at 802.16-2004 standard that is intend to fixed broadband wireless access.

WiMAX Performance Evaluation

The internet connectivity extended by the internet of things to all the tangible things lying around and used by us in our day today life has convert the devices into smart objects and led to huge set of data generation that holds both the valuable and invaluable information. In order to perfectly handle the information’s generated and mine the valuables from them, the analytics are engaged by the cloud. To have a timely access, most probably the fog services are preferred than the cloud as they bring down the service of the cloud to the user edge and reduces the time complexity in accessing of the information. So the paper proposes the big data analytics for the fog assisted health care application to effectively handle the health information’s diagnosed for the aged persons. The proposed model is simulated using the IFogSim toolkit to examine the performance fogassisted smart healthcare application.

https://www.irojournals.com/tcsst/V1/I2/01.pdf

Robert Bestak

Papers

The study of handover procedure in LTE-based femtocell network

Handover Scenario and Procedure in LTE-based Femtocell Networks

Handover procedure and decision strategy in LTE-based femtocell network

WiMAX Performance Evaluation

Big data analytics for smart cloud-fog based applications