A review of iron carbonate (FeCO3) formation in the oil and gas industry

In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of the effect of chromium additions to the steel and solution on CO2 corrosion of pipeline steels

An experimental study on stress corrosion behavior of A131/A and A131/AH32 low carbon steels in simulated seawater

1Center for Advanced Materials, CAM, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar 2Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom 3Quest Integrity Group, Lower Hutt 5045, New Zealand 4Callaghan Innovation, Lower Hutt, New Zealand 5Qatar Shell Research & Technology Centre, Doha, Qatar 6School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1022, New Zealand 7MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand

The Effects of Cr/Mo Micro-Alloying on the Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel in CO2-Saturated (Sweet) Brine under Hydrodynamic Control

Carbon dioxide internal corrosion is one of the most common degradation
mechanisms occurring in oil and gas exploration and production environments
when carbon steel is the material of construction. Both general and localized
attack can lead to severe production cuts and safety incidents and these are
commonly mitigated via the use of corrosion inhibitors, the deployment of
which significantly increases the operational expenditure.
When environmental conditions are favourable, a naturally growing corrosion
product known as iron carbonate precipitates onto the internal pipe wall
providing protection from degradation but only when it is well adherent to the
surface and compact. To date, research trying to take advantage of the
protective abilities of these naturally growing films is limited.
The aim of this research is to encourage the iron carbonate kinetics of
formation but also its mechanical properties via the addition of a hybrid
organic-inorganic molecule to mimic the formation of a nanocomposite. This
should allow for the modified iron carbonate to better resist mechanical
removal in order to sustain its naturally inherent steel protection properties
over a wider range of environmental conditions.
Electrochemical results show how the addition of a silsesquioxane-based
nanofiller acts as nucleating agent and accelerates the build-up of the iron
carbonate corrosion products. Mechanical properties such as hardness and
modulus extracted from nanoindentation tests ascertain that the modified
corrosion products are more robust.
This thesis describes a novel approach relying on the protectiveness of the
corrosion layer growing in situ in oil and gas transport systems to mitigate
carbon steel dissolution in specific environmental conditions. It is anticipated
that the benefits of such a batch treatment of the nanofiller would be greater
than for conventional film-forming inhibitors.

Nanotechnology for corrosion control : silsesquioxane based nanofillers for iron carbonate film enhancement

A systematic study has been conducted to investigate the influence of a wide range of alloying elements and different processing conditions on the resistance of low-carbon steels to CO2 corrosion. Strong carbide-forming microalloying elements such as Ti, Nb and V, along with Cr additions, and different levels of Mn, Si, Cu, Mo and Ni, have been explored, along with treatments simulating different processing conditions, for example, controlled rolling, and quenching and tempering. Corrosion testing, including flow loop tests, has been carried out, along with evaluation of mechanical properties, weldability and hot ductility. The programme has developed steels with improved CO2 corrosion resistance and hence identified a potential route for producing more economical carbon steels for oilfield applications. The work has been carried out as part of the UK- Brazil Corrosion Network.

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Robert C. Cochrane

Papers

The effect of alloying on the resistance of carbon steel for oilfield applications to CO2 corrosion