世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

https://personal.lse.ac.uk/FERREIRD/gender.pdf

Women in the boardroom and their impact on governance and performance

This paper considers the empirical literature on the nature and sources of urban increasing returns, also known as agglomeration economies. An important aspect of these externalities that has not been previously emphasized is that the effects of agglomeration extend over at least three different dimensions. These are the industrial, geographic, and temporal scope of economic agglomeration economies. In each case, the literature suggests that agglomeration economies attenuate with distance. Recently, the literature has also begun to provide evidence on the microfoundations of external economies of scale. The best known of these sources are those attributed to Marshall (1920): labor market pooling, input sharing, and knowledge spillovers. Evidence to date supports the presence of all three of these forces. In addition, there is also evidence that natural advantage, home market effects, consumption opportunities, and rent-seeking all contribute to agglomeration.

Evidence on the Nature and Sources of Agglomeration Economies

Evidence on the nature and sources of agglomeration economies

This chapter focuses on the estimation and interpretation of gravity equations for bilateral trade. This necessarily involves a careful consideration of the theoretical underpinnings since it has become clear that naive approaches to estimation lead to biased and frequently misinterpreted results. There are now several theory-consistent estimation methods and we argue against sole reliance on any one method and instead advocate a toolkit approach. One estimator may be preferred for certain types of data or research questions but more often the methods should be used in concert to establish robustness. In recent years, estimation has become just a first step before a deeper analysis of the implications of the results, notably in terms of welfare. We try to facilitate diffusion of best-practice methods by illustrating their application in a step-by-step cookbook mode of exposition.

/pdf/gravity-equations-workhorse-toolkit-and-cookbook-1oadwbzcqo.pdf

Gravity Equations: Workhorse,Toolkit, and Cookbook

This paper uses a 42-country model of production and trade to assess the implications of eliminating current account imbalances for relative wages, relative GDPs, real wages, and real absorption. How much relative GDPs need to change depends on flexibility of two forms: factor mobility and adjustment in sourcing of imports, with more flexibility requiring less change. At the extreme, U.S. GDP falls by 30 percent relative to the world's. Because of the pervasiveness of nontraded goods, however, most domestic prices move in parallel with relative GDP, so that changes in real GDP are small.

/pdf/global-rebalancing-with-gravity-measuring-the-burden-of-7fuhhz5nje.pdf

Global Rebalancing with Gravity: Measuring the Burden of Adjustment

Agglomeration and Land Rents: Evidence from the Prefectures

https://www.frbsf.org/economic-research/files/wp06-37bk.pdf

A Quantitative Analysis of China's Structural Transformation

In this paper, we estimate the impact of dynamic externalities, using direct measures of total factor productivity (TFP) growth at the regional level. We find that, at the one-digit level, significant dynamic externalities exist for the finance, services, and wholesale and retail trade industries, but-contrary to the findings of most previous research-these externalities do not exist for the manufacturing industry.

Robert Dekle

Papers

Global Rebalancing with Gravity: Measuring the Burden of Adjustment

Agglomeration and Land Rents: Evidence from the Prefectures

A Quantitative Analysis of China's Structural Transformation

Industrial Concentration and Regional Growth: Evidence from the Prefectures

New approaches to international trade. Unbalanced trade