介绍了Kirk—Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology（化工技术百科全书）（第五版）电子图书网络版数据库，并对该数据库使用方法和检索途径作出了说明，且结合实例简单地介绍了该数据库的检索方法。

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology数据库介绍及实例

Whole-plant energy capture depends not only on the photosynthetic response of individual leaves, but also on their integration into an effective canopy, and on the costs of producing and maintaining their photosynthetic capacity. This paper explores adaptation to irradiance level in this context, focusing on traits whose significance would be elusive if considered in terms of their impact at the leaf level alone. I review traditional approaches used to demonstrate or suggest adaptation to irradiance level, and outline three energetic tradeoffs likely to shape such adaptation, involving the economics of gas exchange, support, and biotic interactions. Recent models using these tradeoffs to account for trends in leaf nitrogen content, stornatal conductance, phyllotaxis, and defensive allocations in sun v. shade are evaluated. A re-evaluation of the classic study of acclimation of the photosynthetic light response in Atriplex, crucial to interpreting adaptation to irradiance in many traits, shows that it does not completely support the central dogma of adaptation to sun v. shade unless the results are analysed in terms of whole-plant energy capture. Calculations for Liriodendron show that the traditional light compensation point has little meaning for net carbon gain, and that the effective compensation point is profoundly influenced by the costs of night leaf respiration, leaf construction, and the construction of associated support and root tissue. The costs of support tissue are especially important, raising the effective compensation point by 140 pmol m- s - ' in trees 1 m tall, and by nearly 1350 pmol m - s - ' in trees 30 m tall. Effective compensation points give maximum tree heights as a function of irradiance, and shade tolerance as a function of tree height; calculations of maximum permissible height in Liriodendron correspond roughly with the height of the tallest known individual. Finally, new models for the evolution of canopy width/height ratio in response to irradiance and coverage within a tree stratum, and for the evolution of mottled leaves as a defensive measure in understory herbs, are outlined.

/pdf/adaptation-to-sun-and-shade-a-whole-plant-perspective-j0u9zbhbtr.pdf

Adaptation to Sun and Shade: a Whole-Plant Perspective

Growth of autotrophic plants is directly and dramatically influenced by the intensity of light — the driving force of photosynthesis — which provides nearly all of the carbon and chemical energy needed for plant growth. Moreover, light intensity (quantum flux density) is perhaps the most conspicuous environmental variable with which plants must cope. Contrasting terrestrial habitats may differ by at least two orders of magnitude in the daily quantum flux available for photosynthesis. In any habitat the quantum flux density varies seasonally, diurnally, and spatially (such as within a canopy of a given plant stand).

Responses to Different Quantum Flux Densities

Classical biological control, i.e. the introduction and release of exotic insects, mites, or pathogens to give permanent control, is the predominant method in weed biocontrol. Inundative releases of predators and integrated pest management are less widely used. The United States, Australia, South Africa, Canada, and New Zealand use biocontrol the most. Weeds in natural ecosystems are increasingly becoming targets for biocontrol. Discussion continues on agent selection, but host-specificity testing is well developed and reliable. Post-release evaluation of impact is increasing, both on the target weed and on non-target plants. Control of aquatic weeds has been a notable success. Alien plant problems are increasing worldwide, and biocontrol offers the only safe, economic, and environmentally sustainable solution.

/pdf/biological-control-of-weeds-322a9vo10y.pdf

Biological control of weeds

Herbicides are the foundation of weed control in commercial crop-production systems. However, herbicide-resistant (HR) weed populations are evolving rapidly as a natural response to selection pressure imposed by modern agricultural management activities. Mitigating the evolution of herbicide resistance depends on reducing selection through diversification of weed control techniques, minimizing the spread of resistance genes and genotypes via pollen or propagule dispersal, and eliminating additions of weed seed to the soil seedbank. Effective deployment of such a multifaceted approach will require shifting from the current concept of basing weed management on single-year economic thresholds.

http://ahri.uwa.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/573-Norsworthy-et-al-Weed-Sci-2012-HR-BMPs.pdf

Reducing the Risks of Herbicide Resistance: Best Management Practices and Recommendations

Understanding pesticide metabolism in plants and microorganisms is necessary for pesticide development, for safe and efficient use, as well as for developing pesticide bioremediation strategies for contaminated soil and water. Pesticide biotransformation may occur via multistep processes known as metabolism or cometabolism. Cometabolism is the biotransformation of an organic compound that is not used as an energy source or as a constitutive element of the organism. Individual reactions of degradation–detoxification pathways include oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and conjugation. Metabolic pathway diversity depends on the chemical structure of the xenobiotic compound, the organism, environmental conditions, metabolic factors, and the regulating expression of these biochemical pathways. Knowledge of these enzymatic processes, especially concepts related to pesticide mechanism of action, resistance, selectivity, tolerance, and environmental fate, has advanced our understanding of pesticide scienc...

Pesticide metabolism in plants and microorganisms

Caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, coumarin, p - coumaric acid, ferulic acid, fumaric acid, gallic acid, hydro - cinnamic acid, p - hydroxybenzoic acid, juglone, and pyro - catechol were examined for effects on germination of nine crop and weed species: cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.), corn (Zea mays L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Cary), sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia L.), velvet- leaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.), prickly sida (Sida spin osa L.), and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.). Germi- nation tests with 10-3 and 10-5M solutions were conducted under controlled conditions in petri dishes at 25 C in the dark. At 10-3 M, coumarin, hydrocinnamic acid, juglone and pyro- catechol inhibited germination, but p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and p-hydroxybenzoic acid were not effective and others had intermediate effects. There was little effect by any com- pound at 10-5 M. Chlorogenic acid, p - hydroxybenzaldehyde, and pyrocatechol, each combined with coumarin, inhibited germination. The combination of coumarin plus p - hydroxy - benzaldehyde had an additive effect on hemp sesbania and prickly sida, inhibiting germination to a greater extent than either compound alone. The lack of inhibitory action at the higher concentration of some of these chemicals suggests they may not exhibit a high allelopathic potential. Additional index words. Allelopathy, secondary plant com- pounds.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/info/4043780

The Effects of Naturally Occurring Phenolic Compounds on Seed Germination

Greenhouse and growth chamber experiments were conducted to examine glyphosate [isopropylamine salt of N-(phosphono-methyl) glycine] effects on growth, chlorophyll content, nodulation, and nodule leghemoglobin content of glyphosate-resistant and susceptible soybean (Glycine max[L.] Merr.) varieties. In susceptible soybean, a single application of 0.28 kg/ha reduced chlorophyll content (49%), and shoot and root dry weight (50 and 57%, respectively) at 2 wk after treatment. In glyphosate-resistant soybean, there were no significant effects on these parameters by single application up to 1.12 kg/ha, but 2.24 kg/ha reduced shoot and root dry weight by 25 to 30%. Application of glyphosate 1.12 kg/ha, followed by sequential applications at 0.56 or 1.12 kg/ha, did not affect plant growth and chlorophyll content, but application of 2.24 kg/ha followed by sequential application of 2.24 kg/ha reduced root growth. In glyphosate-resistant soybean, an application of 1.12 kg/ha 3 wk after planting did not affe...

Effect of Glyphosate on Growth, Chlorophyll, and Nodulation in Glyphosate-Resistant and Susceptible Soybean (Glycine max) Varieties

The growth regulator, glyphosine (N, N -bis(phosphono- methyl)glycinel, and other possible metabolites of glyphosine and gly - phosate IN-(phosphonomethyl)glycinel (glycine, sarcosine, and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA)l were tested individually (0.5 mM) or as a mixture (each at 0.5 mM) for their effects on growth, extractable phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, hydroxy- phenolic-compound production, chlorophyll and anthocyanin con- tents, and on soluble-protein levels in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. 'Hill'l seedlings. Most chemical treatments caused some inhibition of growth either on fresh weight accumulation or on root elongation in the light and dark over 72 h. Glyphosine was generally the most in- hibitory and caused the greatest inhibition on axis dry-weight accumu- lation. Glyphosine significantly increased extractable PAL activity in axes of light- and dark-grown soybeans to a lesser extent than did glyphosate. AMPA had some inhibitory effects on extractable PAL activity whereas other compounds had little influence on the enzyme. These compounds had little effect on total soluble protein in axes or on soluble protein in PAL preparations from 12 to 72 h in light-or dark- grown seedlings. No in vitro effect of the chemicals on PAL activity was found at concentrations up to 0.5 mM. Hydroxyphenolic compound levels increased within 24 to 72 h (per gram fresh weight basis) in light- or dark-grown soybean axes treated with glyphosine, AMPA, or a metabolite mixture (AMPA, sarcosine, and glycine). Anthocyanin con- tent was decreased by glyphosate and to a lesser extent by glyphosine, but was increased by AMPA and the mixture. Glyphosate significantly increased the chlorophyll a/b ratio and decreased total chlorophyll, but glyphosine decreased the chlorophyll content to a lesser degree. Additional index words. Herbicide metabolites, growth regulator, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis.

Effects of glyphosate on metabolism of phenolic compounds. VI. Effects of glyphosine and glyphosate metabolites on phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity, growth, and protein, chlorophyll, and anthocyanin levels in soybean (Glycine max) seedlings.

An isolate of Fusarium moniliforme (Sheldon) (JW #1) was discovered on greenhouse-grown jimsonweed in Mississippi, U.S.A., in 1990. Applications of aqueous suspensions of spores/mycelia (>1 x 107 propagules mh71) grown on potato-dextrose agar to the potted soil in which 2- to 4-wk-old jimsonweed plants were grown caused local lesions or mosaic-like patterns on the leaves and inhibited growth. Application of lesser doses to the leaves only produced no visual effects. When the fungal suspensions were applied at higher dosages (>1 x 107 propagules ml-1) either by soil drench or subirrigation, symptoms such as local lesions or a mosaic-like pattern on the leaves appeared and plant growth was inhibited. When the fungus was grown on an autoclaved rice medium and the ground mixture applied to jimsonweed plants, the plants wilted within 24 h and died after 48 h. Crude and cell-free filtrates of the fungal-rice culture also killed 1- to 2- and 3- to 4-week-old plants after 24 to 72 h. A major toxin identified was fumonisin B1, isolated from fer- mented rice at 400 pg g4. Fumonisin B1 applied in water at 2.5 pg 100 glA to excised jimsonweed leaves caused the same symptomology (i.e., soft rot diffusing along leaf veins) within 24 h as the cell-free extract or the crude culture filtrates. Similar damage occurred to intact plants treated with crude or cell-free filtrates or purified aqueous fumonisin B1 solutions. Nomenclature: Fumoni- sin, propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid diesters of long chain aminopentals; Fusarium moniliforme; jimsonweed, Datura stramonium L. #3 DATST. Additional index words. Biocontrol, bioherbicide, biological weed control, mycoherbicide.

Robert E. Hoagland

Papers

Pesticide metabolism in plants and microorganisms

The Effects of Naturally Occurring Phenolic Compounds on Seed Germination

Effect of Glyphosate on Growth, Chlorophyll, and Nodulation in Glyphosate-Resistant and Susceptible Soybean (Glycine max) Varieties

Effects of glyphosate on metabolism of phenolic compounds. VI. Effects of glyphosine and glyphosate metabolites on phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity, growth, and protein, chlorophyll, and anthocyanin levels in soybean (Glycine max) seedlings.

Bioherbicidal Potential of Fusarium moniliforme and its Phytotoxin, Fumonisint