The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence.

I have developed "tennis elbow" from lugging this book around the past four weeks, but it is worth the pain, the effort, and the aspirin. It is also worth the (relatively speaking) bargain price. Including appendixes, this book contains 894 pages of text. The entire panorama of the neural sciences is surveyed and examined, and it is comprehensive in its scope, from genomes to social behaviors. The editors explicitly state that the book is designed as "an introductory text for students of biology, behavior, and medicine," but it is hard to imagine any audience, interested in any fragment of neuroscience at any level of sophistication, that would not enjoy this book. The editors have done a masterful job of weaving together the biologic, the behavioral, and the clinical sciences into a single tapestry in which everyone from the molecular biologist to the practicing psychiatrist can find and appreciate his or

Principles of Neural Science

Attachment--and loss.

Importance Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) could be psychologically stressed. Objective To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. Design, Settings, and Participants This cross-sectional, survey-based, region-stratified study collected demographic data and mental health measurements from 1257 health care workers in 34 hospitals from January 29, 2020, to February 3, 2020, in China. Health care workers in hospitals equipped with fever clinics or wards for patients with COVID-19 were eligible. Main Outcomes and Measures The degree of symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and distress was assessed by the Chinese versions of the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire, the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale, the 7-item Insomnia Severity Index, and the 22-item Impact of Event Scale–Revised, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with mental health outcomes. Results A total of 1257 of 1830 contacted individuals completed the survey, with a participation rate of 68.7%. A total of 813 (64.7%) were aged 26 to 40 years, and 964 (76.7%) were women. Of all participants, 764 (60.8%) were nurses, and 493 (39.2%) were physicians; 760 (60.5%) worked in hospitals in Wuhan, and 522 (41.5%) were frontline health care workers. A considerable proportion of participants reported symptoms of depression (634 [50.4%]), anxiety (560 [44.6%]), insomnia (427 [34.0%]), and distress (899 [71.5%]). Nurses, women, frontline health care workers, and those working in Wuhan, China, reported more severe degrees of all measurements of mental health symptoms than other health care workers (eg, median [IQR] Patient Health Questionnaire scores among physicians vs nurses: 4.0 [1.0-7.0] vs 5.0 [2.0-8.0];P = .007; median [interquartile range {IQR}] Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale scores among men vs women: 2.0 [0-6.0] vs 4.0 [1.0-7.0];P  Conclusions and Relevance In this survey of heath care workers in hospitals equipped with fever clinics or wards for patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan and other regions in China, participants reported experiencing psychological burden, especially nurses, women, those in Wuhan, and frontline health care workers directly engaged in the diagnosis, treatment, and care for patients with COVID-19.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2763229/lai_2020_oi_200192.pdf

Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019.

Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed.

A universal decoding scheme is conceived for quantum stabilizer codes (QSCs) by appropriately adapting the ‘guessing random additive noise decoding’ (GRAND) philosophy of classical domain codes. We demonstrate that the generalized quantum decoder conceived is eminently suitable for different QSC decoding paradigms, namely for both stabilizer-measurement-based as well as the inverse-encoder-based decoding. We then harness the resultant decoder for both quantum Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes and quantum polar codes and quantify both their quantum block error rate (QBLER), and QBLER per logical qubits as well as their decoding complexity. Furthermore, we provide a parametric study of the associated design trade-offs and offer design guideline for the implementation of GRAND-based QSC decoders.

Universal Decoding of Quantum Stabilizer Codes via Classical Guesswork

A forward error correction (FEC) and unity-rate coded (URC) autoencoder (AE)-assisted communication system is proposed for the first time, which relies on soft iterative decoding for attaining a vanishingly low error probability. The AE-demapper is specifically designed for directly calculating the extrinsic logarithmic likelihood ratios (LLRs), which can be directly entered into the URC decoder for soft iterative decoding. This avoids the potential degradation due to the conversion of symbol probabilities to bit LLRs. A comprehensive capacity analysis of the AE is performed, which demonstrates the capacity advantage of the AE-aided constellation design over its conventional quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)/ phase shift keying (PSK) counterpart. Furthermore, we carry out its EXtrinsic Information Transfer (EXIT) chart analysis, which indicates that as a benefit of our URC, the EXIT curve always reaches the [1,1] point of perfect convergence, leading to a vanishingly low error probability. More explicitly, our bit error ratio (BER) and block error ratio (BLER) results demonstrate that the proposed FEC-URC-AE system achieves significant iterative gains both in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh channels, outperforming both its model-based FEC-AE and its conventional coded QAM/QPSK counterparts.

Unity-Rate Coding Improves the Iterative Detection Convergence of Autoencoder-Aided Communication Systems

BACKGROUND: Research in chronic illness shows that community resources can have a lasting influence on the course of the illness; however, little research has been done to evaluate the community agencies that specifically address the needs of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients.

/pdf/use-of-community-resources-before-inflammatory-bowel-disease-jsmyzksun1.pdf

Use of Community Resources before Inflammatory Bowel Disease Surgery is Associated with Postsurgical Quality of Life

Objective Various models have been used to explain somatization, including attachment theory, which describes how formative experiences influence perceptions of vulnerability and threat Although attachment insecurity is associated with greater physical symptoms, the mechanisms by which attachment insecurity influences the experience of physical symptoms are not clear Sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) describes a low threshold to responding to stimuli and high emotional reactivity It is associated with both attachment insecurity and physical symptoms The purpose of this study is to test a model in which attachment insecurity, depression, and SPS interact to influence physical symptoms Methods Cross-sectional data from the online Self-Assessment Kiosk were used (N = 186) Participants were surveyed regarding attachment insecurity (ECR-M16), physical symptom severity (PHQ-15), sensory processing sensitivity (HSPS), and depression (PHQ-9) A path analysis was used to analyze the data Results Modal participants were white (74%) single (45%) women (80%) with university education (79%) Attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, and sensitivity were correlated with physical symptom severity The data suggested that sensitivity mediates between attachment anxiety and physical symptoms (βindirect = 0070, p = 003 and βdirect = -0030, p> 05) and this relationship remains significant when controlling for depression Conclusions This study extends our understanding of the potential pathways that lead individuals with attachment insecurity to experience burdensome physical symptoms by supporting a mediating role for SPS

Relationship between insecure attachment and physical symptom severity is mediated by sensory sensitivity

Background: Psychiatric syndromes are complicated by comorbidity and other factors that burden patients, making guideline-informed psychiatric care challenging, and negatively affecting outcome. A comprehensive intake tool could improve the quality of care. Existing tools to quantify these characteristics do not identify specific complications and may not be sensitive to phenomena that are common in psychiatric outpatients. Objective: To develop a practical inventory to capture observations related to complex care in psychiatric outpatients and quantify the overall burden of complicating factors.  Design: We developed a checklist inventory through literature review and clinical experience. The inventory was tested and compared with related measures in a cross-sectional study of 410 consenting outpatients at the time of initial assessment.  Results: The summed score of inventory checklist items was significantly correlated with patient-assessed measures of distress (K10, r =0.36) and function (WHODAS 2.0, r =0.31), and physician-assessed measures of function (GAF, r =−0.42), number of psychiatric diagnoses [F(df3)=33.6], and most complex diagnosis [F(df3)=37.4]. In 53 patients whose assessment was observed by two clinicians, inter-rater reliability was acceptable for both total inventory score (intraclass correlation, single measures = 0.74) and agreement on specific items (mean agreement score = 90%). Conclusions: The Psychiatric C4 Inventory is a reliable instrument for psychiatrists that captures information that may be useful for quality improvement and resource planning. It demonstrates convergent validity with measures of patient distress, function, and complexity. Further tests of validity and replication in other settings are warranted. Journal of Comorbidity 2016;6(2):56–64

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.15256/joc.2016.6.66

Robert G. Maunder

Papers

Universal Decoding of Quantum Stabilizer Codes via Classical Guesswork

Unity-Rate Coding Improves the Iterative Detection Convergence of Autoencoder-Aided Communication Systems

Use of Community Resources before Inflammatory Bowel Disease Surgery is Associated with Postsurgical Quality of Life

Relationship between insecure attachment and physical symptom severity is mediated by sensory sensitivity

Development of the C4 Inventory: a measure of common characteristics that complicate care in outpatient psychiatry